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Large-scale quantum computers promise transformative speedups, but their viability hinges on fast and reliable quantum error correction (QEC). At the center of QEC are decoders-classical algorithms running on hardware such as FPGAs, GPUs,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Satvik Maurya , Abtin Molavi , Aws Albarghouthi , Swamit Tannu

The surface code is one of the most popular quantum error correction codes. It comes with efficient decoders, such as the Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) decoder and the Union-Find (UF) decoder, allowing for fast quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-28 Nicolas Delfosse , Adam Paetznick , Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings

Encoding quantum information in a quantum error correction (QEC) code enhances protection against errors. Imperfection of quantum devices due to decoherence effects will limit the fidelity of quantum gate operations. In particular, neutral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 J. J. Postema , S. J. J. M. F. Kokkelmans

Superconducting quantum processor units (QPUs) are incapable of producing massive datasets for quantum error correction (QEC) because of hardware limitations. Thus, QEC decoders heavily depend on synthetic data from qubit error models.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Songhuan He , Yifei Cui , Bo Liu , Kai Guo , Cheng Wang

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for achieving low error rates required for fault-tolerant quantum computation. In stabilizer-based codes such as the surface code, errors are inferred from repeated syndrome measurements and…

Recently, neural networks have improved MinSum message-passing decoders for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes by multiplying or adding weights to the messages, where the weights are determined by a neural network. The neural network…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-06 Linfang Wang , Caleb Terrill , Richard Wesel , Dariush Divsalar

Union-Find (UF) and Minimum-Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) are popular decoder designs for surface codes. The former has significantly lower time complexity than the latter but is considered somewhat inferior, in terms of decoding accuracy.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-08 Yue Wu , Namitha Liyanage , Lin Zhong

Recent experimental advances have made it possible to implement logical multi-qubit transversal gates on surface codes in a multitude of platforms. A transversal controlled-NOT (tCNOT) gate on two surface codes introduces correlated errors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-02 Kaavya Sahay , Yingjia Lin , Shilin Huang , Kenneth R. Brown , Shruti Puri

To leverage the full potential of quantum error-correcting stabilizer codes it is crucial to have an efficient and accurate decoder. Accurate, maximum likelihood, decoders are computationally very expensive whereas decoders based on more…

The usual belief propagation (BP) decoders are, in general, exchanging local information on the Tanner graph of the quantum error-correcting (QEC) code and, in particular, are known to not have a threshold for the surface code. We propose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Pedro Hack , Luca Menti , Francisco Lazaro , Alexandru Paler

Non-binary (NB) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are graph-based codes that are increasingly being considered as a powerful error correction tool for modern dense storage devices. The increasing levels of asymmetry incorporated by the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Ahmed Hareedy , Chinmayi Lanka , Nian Guo , Lara Dolecek

Equivalence checking of quantum circuits is a central verification task in quantum computing, ensuring the correctness of circuit optimizations, hardware mappings, and compilation pipelines. Among the primary symbolic methods for this…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Wei-Jia Huang , Christophe Chareton , Yu-Fang Chen , Kai-Min Chung , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Alfons Laarman , Jingyi Mei

As quantum computing moves toward fault-tolerant architectures, quantum error correction (QEC) decoder performance is increasingly critical for scalability. Understanding the impact of transitioning from floating-point software to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-22 Francisco Garcia-Herrero , Javier Valls , Llanos Vergara-Picazo , Vicente Torres

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is an essential field of research towards the realization of large-scale quantum computers. On the theoretical side, a lot of effort is put into designing error-correcting codes that protect quantum data from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Lucas Berent , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

Quantum computation promises significant computational advantages over classical computation for some problems. However, quantum hardware suffers from much higher error rates than in classical hardware. As a result, extensive quantum error…

Efficient high-performance decoding of topological stabilizer codes has the potential to crucially improve the balance between logical failure rates and the number and individual error rates of the constituent qubits. High-threshold…

Quantum error correction is the building block for constructing fault-tolerant quantum processors that can operate reliably even if its constituting elements are corrupted by decoherence. In this context, real-time decoding is a necessity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-15 Antonio deMarti iOlius , Josu Etxezarreta Martinez

All utility-scale quantum computers will require some form of Quantum Error Correction in which logical qubits are encoded in a larger number of physical qubits. One promising encoding is known as the colour code which has broad…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Mark Walters , Mark L. Turner

Quantum error correction (QEC) plays an essential role in fault-tolerantly realizing quantum algorithms of practical interest. Among different approaches to QEC, encoding logical quantum information in harmonic oscillator modes has been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Mao Lin , Christopher Chamberland , Kyungjoo Noh

Quantum error correction (QEC) is critical for scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing. Topological codes, such as the toric code, offer hardware-efficient architectures but their Tanner graphs contain many girth-4 cycles that degrade the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Luca Menti , Francisco Lázaro