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Quantum key distribution (QKD) represents a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era. While discrete-variable QKD (DV-QKD) protocols were historically the first to demonstrate secure key exchange, continuous-variable QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Mobin Motaharifar , Mahmood Hasani , Hassan Kaatuzian

Most quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols can be classified as either a discrete-variable (DV) protocol or continuous-variable (CV) protocol, based on how classical information is being encoded. We propose a protocol that combines the…

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), utilizes continuous variables encoding such as the quadra-ture components of the quantized electromagnetic field and coherent detection decoding, offering good compatibility with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Pu Wang , Yan Tian , Yongmin Li

Continuous-variable (CV) codes and their application in quantum communication have attracted increasing attention. In particular, one typical CV codes, cat-codes, has already been experimentally created using trapped atoms in cavities with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Pei-Zhe Li , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto , Nicoló Lo Piparo

The performance of the information reconciliation phase is crucial for quantum key distribution (QKD). Reverse reconciliation (RR) is typically preferred over direct reconciliation (DR) because it yields higher secure key rates. However, a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Marco Origlia , Marco Secondini

We propose a post-selection technique, based on quantum error detection, for quantum key distribution (QKD) systems that run over quantum repeaters with encoding. In such repeaters, quantum error correction techniques are used for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 Yumang Jing , Daniel Alsina Leal , Mohsen Razavi

Error correction plays a major role in the reconciliation of continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) and greatly affects the performance of the system. CV-QKD requires error correction codes of extremely low rates and high…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Kadir Gümüs , Laurent Schmalen

Reconciliation is an essential procedure for continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD). As the most commonly used reconciliation protocol in short-distance CV-QKD, the slice error correction (SEC) allows a system to distill more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-17 Xuan Wen , Qiong Li , Haokun Mao , Xiaojun Wen , Nan Chen

Reconciliation is a mechanism allowing to weed out the discrepancies between two correlated variables. It has great role in every Quantum Key Distribution protocol where the key has to be transmitted through a noisy channel or as in our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Nedra Benletaief , Houria Rezig , Ammar Bouallegue

Quantum key distribution (QKD offers a long-term solution to establish information-theoretically secure keys between two distant users. In practice, with a careful characterization of quantum sources and the decoy-state method,…

Reconciliation is an important step to correct errors in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). In QKD, after comparing basis, two legitimate parties possess two correlative keys which have some differences and they could obtain identical keys…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-28 Zhengchao Wei , Zhi Ma

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a pivotal technology in the quest for secure communication, harnessing the power of quantum mechanics to ensure robust data protection. However, scaling QKD to meet the demands of high-speed, real-world…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-13 Hasan Abbas Al-Mohammed , Saif Al-Kuwari , Hashir Kuniyil , Ahmed Farouk

We address the multi-user quantum key distribution (QKD) problem under malicious quantum attacks, which is critical for realizing a large-scale quantum Internet. This paper maximizes the sum secret key rate (SKR) of a novel uplink…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Zhichao Dong , Xiaolin Zhou , Huang Peng , Wei Ni , Ekram Hossain , Xin Wang

We define an iterative error-minimizing secret key adapting method for multicarrier CVQKD. A multicarrier CVQKD protocol uses Gaussian subcarrier quantum continuous variables (CVs) for the transmission. The proposed method allows for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-11 Laszlo Gyongyosi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic solution that leverages the properties of quantum mechanics to be resistant and secure even against an attacker with unlimited computational power. Satellite-based links are important in QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Thomas Scarinzi , Davide Orsucci , Marco Ferrari , Luca Barletta

Mode-pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) offers significant potential for long-distance secure communication, benefiting from its quadratic scaling capacity and phase compensation-free characteristic. However, MP-QKD still requires…

The focus of this work is on the design of Raptor codes for continuous variable Quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) systems. We design a highly efficient Raptor code for very low signal to noise ratios (SNRs), which enables CV-QKD systems to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Mahyar Shirvanimoghaddam , Sarah J. Johnson , Andrew M. Lance

We investigate quantum key distribution (QKD) in optical multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) settings. Such settings can prove useful in dealing with harsh channel conditions as in, e.g., satellite-based QKD. We study a $2\times2$ setting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Shradhanjali Sahu , Ahmed Lawey , Mohsen Razavi

To address growing cybersecurity challenges in modern power dispatch systems, this paper proposes a multi-layer modeling and optimization framework for SCADA systems enhanced with quantum key distribution (QKD). While most existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-17 Ziqing Zhu

Constrained devices, such as smart sensors, wearable devices, and Internet of Things nodes, are increasingly prevalent in society and rely on secure communications to function properly. These devices often operate autonomously, exchanging…