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Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong average performance yet remain unreliable at the instance level, with frequent hallucinations, brittle failures, and poorly calibrated confidence. We study reliability through the lens of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Pranav Kallem

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks in various domains. Despite their impressive performance, they can be unreliable due to factual errors in their generations. Assessing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Jiahui Geng , Fengyu Cai , Yuxia Wang , Heinz Koeppl , Preslav Nakov , Iryna Gurevych

Large language models (LLMs) produce outputs with varying levels of uncertainty, and, just as often, varying levels of correctness; making their practical reliability far from guaranteed. To quantify this uncertainty, we systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Christian Hobelsberger , Theresa Winner , Andreas Nawroth , Oliver Mitevski , Anna-Carolina Haensch

A comprehensive qualitative evaluation framework for large language models (LLM) in healthcare that expands beyond traditional accuracy and quantitative metrics needed. We propose 5 key aspects for evaluation of LLMs: Safety, Consensus,…

Accurate confidence estimation is essential for trustworthy large language models (LLMs) systems, as it empowers the user to determine when to trust outputs and enables reliable deployment in safety-critical applications. Current confidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Mingruo Yuan , Shuyi Zhang , Ben Kao

Typical evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) report a single metric per dataset, often representing the model's best-case performance under carefully selected settings. Unfortunately, this approach overlooks model robustness and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Grigor Nalbandyan , Rima Shahbazyan , Evelina Bakhturina

In this work we present the Consistency-Rebalanced Accuracy (CoRA) metric, improving the reliability of Large Language Model (LLM) scores computed on multiple choice (MC) benchmarks. Our metric explores the response consistency of the LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Paulo Cavalin , Cassia Sanctos , Marcelo Grave , Claudio Pinhanez , Yago Primerano

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has opened new opportunities in Recommender Systems (RSs) by enhancing user behavior modeling and content understanding. However, current approaches that integrate LLMs into RSs solely utilize either…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Yunjia Xi , Weiwen Liu , Jianghao Lin , Chuhan Wu , Bo Chen , Ruiming Tang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs), including ChatGPT and LLaMA, are susceptible to generating hallucinated answers in a confident tone. While efforts to elicit and calibrate confidence scores have proven useful, recent findings show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Lihu Chen , Alexandre Perez-Lebel , Fabian M. Suchanek , Gaël Varoquaux

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant advances in text generation but often lack the reliability needed for autonomous deployment in high-stakes domains like healthcare, law, and finance. Existing approaches rely on external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ninad Naik

Despite the rapid expansion of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, robust and explainable evaluation of their ability to assess clinical trial reporting according to CONSORT standards remains an open challenge. In particular,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Sohyeon Jeon , Hyung-Chul Lee

Humanitarian organizations face a critical choice: invest in costly commercial APIs or rely on free open-weight models for multilingual human rights monitoring. While commercial systems offer reliability, open-weight alternatives lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Poli Nemkova , Amrit Adhikari , Matthew Pearson , Vamsi Krishna Sadu , Mark V. Albert

Large language models (LLMs) often fail to synthesize information from their context to generate an accurate response. This renders them unreliable in knowledge intensive settings where reliability of the output is key. A critical component…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Rajkumar Ramamurthy , Meghana Arakkal Rajeev , Oliver Molenschot , James Zou , Nazneen Rajani

Current ophthalmology clinical workflows are plagued by over-referrals, long waits, and complex and heterogeneous medical records. Large language models (LLMs) present a promising solution to automate various procedures such as triaging,…

The popular success of text-based large language models (LLM) has streamlined the attention of the multimodal community to combine other modalities like vision and audio along with text to achieve similar multimodal capabilities. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Debarpan Bhattacharya , Apoorva Kulkarni , Sriram Ganapathy

Despite the outstanding performance of large language models (LLMs) across various NLP tasks, hallucinations in LLMs--where LLMs generate inaccurate responses--remains as a critical problem as it can be directly connected to a crisis of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Minsuh Joo , Hyunsoo Cho

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has quickly grown into a pivotal paradigm in the development of Large Language Models (LLMs). Although existing research mainly emphasizes accuracy and efficiency, the trustworthiness of RAG systems…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in medical question-answering (QA) scenarios. However, LLMs can generate hallucinations and nonfactual information, undermining their trustworthiness in high-stakes medical tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Yusong Ke , Hongru Lin , Yuting Ruan , Junya Tang , Li Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often augmented with external contexts, such as those used in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). However, these contexts can be inaccurate or intentionally misleading, leading to conflicts with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yukun Huang , Sanxing Chen , Hongyi Cai , Bhuwan Dhingra

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, yet hallucinations in knowledge-intensive tasks remain a critical challenge. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) addresses this by integrating external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zhipeng Song , Xiangyu Kong , Xinrui Bao , Yizhi Zhou , Jiulong Jiao , Sitong Liu , Yuhang Zhou , Heng Qi
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