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Offline reinforcement learning (RL) faces a significant challenge of distribution shift. Model-free offline RL penalizes the Q value for out-of-distribution (OOD) data or constrains the policy closed to the behavior policy to tackle this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Xiao-Yin Liu , Xiao-Hu Zhou , Guotao Li , Hao Li , Mei-Jiang Gui , Tian-Yu Xiang , De-Xing Huang , Zeng-Guang Hou

We study online transfer reinforcement learning (RL) in episodic Markov decision processes, where experience from related source tasks is available during learning on a target task. A fundamental difficulty is that task similarity is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Elynn Chen , Enpei Zhang , Jinhang Chai , Yujun Yan

In classical Q-learning, the objective is to maximize the sum of discounted rewards through iteratively using the Bellman equation as an update, in an attempt to estimate the action value function of the optimal policy. Conventionally, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Hadi S. Jomaa , Josif Grabocka , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

This work presents the first finite-time analysis for the last-iterate convergence of average-reward $Q$-learning with an asynchronous implementation. A key feature of the algorithm we study is the use of adaptive stepsizes, which serve as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zaiwei Chen , Phalguni Nanda

In this paper, we study the theoretical properties of the projected Bellman equation (PBE) and two algorithms to solve this equation: linear Q-learning and approximate value iteration (AVI). We consider two sufficient conditions for the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Han-Dong Lim , Donghwan Lee

Physics-informed neural solvers offer a promising route to model-based reinforcement learning in continuous time, where optimal feedback synthesis is governed by Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman (HJB) equations. Practical implementations often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Minseok Kim , Yeongjong Kim , Namkyeong Cho , Yeoneung Kim

In offline reinforcement learning (RL) we have no opportunity to explore so we must make assumptions that the data is sufficient to guide picking a good policy, taking the form of assuming some coverage, realizability, Bellman completeness,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Masatoshi Uehara , Nathan Kallus , Jason D. Lee , Wen Sun

Methods for sequential decision-making are often built upon a foundational assumption that the underlying decision process is stationary. This limits the application of such methods because real-world problems are often subject to changes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Yash Chandak , Shiv Shankar , Nathaniel D. Bastian , Bruno Castro da Silva , Emma Brunskil , Philip S. Thomas

Off-policy estimation for long-horizon problems is important in many real-life applications such as healthcare and robotics, where high-fidelity simulators may not be available and on-policy evaluation is expensive or impossible. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Ali Mousavi , Lihong Li , Qiang Liu , Denny Zhou

Tail-end risk measures such as static conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) are used in safety-critical applications to prevent rare, yet catastrophic events. Unlike risk-neutral objectives, the static CVaR of the return depends on entire…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Aneri Muni , Vincent Taboga , Esther Derman , Pierre-Luc Bacon , Erick Delage

Accurate bandwidth estimation (BWE) is critical for real-time communication (RTC) systems. Traditional heuristic approaches offer limited adaptability under dynamic networks, while online reinforcement learning (RL) suffers from high…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-09 Jian Kai , Tianwei Zhang , Zihan Ling , Yang Cao , Can Shen

We propose a model-free offline multi-step reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, Conservative Peng's Q($\lambda$) (CPQL). Our algorithm adapts the Peng's Q($\lambda$) (PQL) operator for conservative value estimation as an alternative to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Byeongchan Kim , Min-hwan Oh

General function approximation is a powerful tool to handle large state and action spaces in a broad range of reinforcement learning (RL) scenarios. However, theoretical understanding of non-stationary MDPs with general function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Songtao Feng , Ming Yin , Ruiquan Huang , Yu-Xiang Wang , Jing Yang , Yingbin Liang

Off-policy evaluation methods are important in recommendation systems and search engines, where data collected under an existing logging policy is used to estimate the performance of a new proposed policy. A common approach to this problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Jaron J. R. Lee , David Arbour , Georgios Theocharous

In off-policy policy evaluation (OPE) tasks within reinforcement learning, Temporal Difference Learning(TD) and Fitted Q-Iteration (FQI) have traditionally been viewed as differing in the number of updates toward the target value function:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zechen Wu , Amy Greenwald , Ronald Parr

Off-policy estimation (OPE) methods enable unbiased offline evaluation of recommender systems, directly estimating the online reward some target policy would have obtained, from offline data and with statistical guarantees. The theoretical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-12 Olivier Jeunen

Scaling reinforcement learning (RL) to recommender systems (RS) is promising since maximizing the expected cumulative rewards for RL agents meets the objective of RS, i.e., improving customers' long-term satisfaction. A key approach to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Chengqian Gao , Ke Xu , Kuangqi Zhou , Lanqing Li , Xueqian Wang , Bo Yuan , Peilin Zhao

A commonly used family of RL algorithms for diffusion policies conducts softmax reweighting over samples from the behavior policy, which often induces an overgreedy policy and fails to utilize feedback from negative samples. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Haitong Ma , Chenxiao Gao , Tianyi Chen , Na Li , Bo Dai

This paper focuses on reinforcement learning (RL) with clustered data, which is commonly encountered in healthcare applications. We propose a generalized fitted Q-iteration (FQI) algorithm that incorporates generalized estimating equations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Liyuan Hu , Jitao Wang , Zhenke Wu , Chengchun Shi

In this paper, we present a novel method for computing the optimal feedback gain of the infinite-horizon Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problem via an ordinary differential equation. We introduce a novel continuous-time Bellman error,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-17 Armin Gießler , Albertus Johannes Malan , Sören Hohmann