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Related papers: Clifford entropy

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Our capacity to process information depends on the computational power at our disposal. Information theory captures our ability to distinguish states or communicate messages when it is unconstrained with unrivaled beauty and elegance. For…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Johannes Jakob Meyer , Asad Raza , Jacopo Rizzo , Lorenzo Leone , Sofiene Jerbi , Jens Eisert

Classical simulation of quantum circuits plays a crucial role in validating quantum hardware and delineating the boundaries of quantum advantage. Among the most effective simulation techniques are those based on the stabilizer extent, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Giulio Camillo , Filipa C. R. Peres , Markus Heinrich , Juani Bermejo-Vega

The concept of distinguishability lies at the heart of quantum information theory. We introduce \textit{left-right relative entropy} as a quantitative measure of distinguishability within the space of boundary states in two-dimensional…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-26 Mostafa Ghasemi

We introduce magic-augmented Clifford circuits -- architectures in which Clifford circuits are preceded and/or followed by constant-depth circuits of non-Clifford (``magic") gates -- as a resource-efficient way to realize approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Yuzhen Zhang , Sagar Vijay , Yingfei Gu , Yimu Bao

Schur-Weyl duality is a ubiquitous tool in quantum information. At its heart is the statement that the space of operators that commute with the tensor powers of all unitaries is spanned by the permutations of the tensor factors. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-31 David Gross , Sepehr Nezami , Michael Walter

It is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics that information is lost as a result of performing measurements. Indeed, with every quantum measurement one can associate a number -- its POVM norm constant -- that quantifies how much the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-28 Richard Kueng , Huangjun Zhu , David Gross

We introduce the magic hierarchy, a quantum circuit model that alternates between arbitrary-sized Clifford circuits and constant-depth circuits with two-qubit gates ($\textsf{QNC}^0$). This model unifies existing circuit models, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Natalie Parham

We study measurement-induced entanglement generated by column-by-column sampling of noisy 2D random Clifford circuits of size $N$ and depth $T$. Focusing on the operator entanglement $S_{\rm op}$ of the sampling-induced boundary state,…

We show that any $n$-qubit Clifford unitary can be implemented using at most $2n$ multi-qubit joint measurements. All the multi-qubit joint measurements used for implementing the Clifford unitary can be chosen to form at most two sets of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Marcus P. da Silva

At higher energies the present complex quantum theory with its unitary group might expand into a real quantum theory with an orthogonal group, broken by an approximate $i$ operator at lower energies. Implementing this possibility requires a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-25 David R. Finkelstein , Andrei A. Galiautdinov

Stabilizer circuits arise in almost every area of quantum computation and communication, so there is interest in studying them from an information-theoretic perspective, i.e. as quantum channels. We consider several natural approaches to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Vsevolod I. Yashin , Maria A. Elovenkova

We study the computational power of unitary Clifford circuits with solely magic state inputs (CM circuits), supplemented by classical efficient computation. We show that CM circuits are hard to classically simulate up to multiplicative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-19 Mithuna Yoganathan , Richard Jozsa , Sergii Strelchuk

We consider the problem of testing whether an unknown unitary is close to a specified level of the Clifford hierarchy. Bu, Gu, and Jaffe proposed a candidate tester for this task based on a connection with noncommutative analogues of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Zongbo , Bao , Jop Briët , Davi Castro-Silva , Philippe van Dordrecht , Jonas Helsen

In this letter, we introduce a method to synthesize an $n$-qubit Clifford unitary $C$ from the stabilizer tableau of its inverse $C\dag$, using ancilla qubits and measurements. The procedure uses ancillary $|+\rangle$ states,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Sowmitra Das

We have generalized the well-known statement that the Clifford group is a unitary 3-design into symmetric cases by extending the notion of unitary design. Concretely, we have proven that a symmetric Clifford group is a symmetric unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-27 Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

The disjointness of a stabilizer code is a quantity used to constrain the level of the logical Clifford hierarchy attainable by transversal gates and constant-depth quantum circuits. We show that for any positive integer constant $c$, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 John Bostanci , Aleksander Kubica

Magic states enable universal, fault-tolerant quantum computation within the stabilizer framework. Their non-stabilizerness supplies the resource needed to bypass the Eastin-Knill theorem while allowing fault-tolerant distillation. Although…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Muhammad Erew , Moshe Goldstein

Unitary $k$-designs are finite ensembles of unitary matrices that approximate the Haar distribution over unitary matrices. Several ensembles are known to be 2-designs, including the uniform distribution over the Clifford group, but no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-10 Zak Webb

How entangled is a randomly chosen bipartite stabilizer state? We show that if the number of qubits each party holds is large the state will be close to maximally entangled with probability exponentially close to one. We provide a similar…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Graeme Smith , Debbie Leung

Nonstabilizerness or `magic' is a key resource for quantum computing and a necessary condition for quantum advantage. Non-Clifford operations turn stabilizer states into resourceful states, where the amount of nonstabilizerness is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Tobias Haug , Leandro Aolita , M. S. Kim