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The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has been suggested as a promising candidate for the solution of combinatorial optimization problems. Yet, whether - or under what conditions - it may offer an advantage compared to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-14 Vanessa Dehn , Martin Zaefferer , Gerhard Hellstern , Florentin Reiter , Thomas Wellens

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a variational quantum algorithm, where a quantum computer implements a variational ansatz consisting of $p$ layers of alternating unitary operators and a classical computer is used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-07 Stefan H. Sack , Raimel A. Medina , Richard Kueng , Maksym Serbyn

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) generates an approximate solution to combinatorial optimization problems using a variational ansatz circuit defined by parameterized layers of quantum evolution. In theory, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-24 Rebekah Herrman , Phillip C. Lotshaw , James Ostrowski , Travis S. Humble , George Siopsis

We introduce a quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) for continuous optimization. The algorithm is based on the dynamics of a quantum system moving in an energy potential which encodes the objective function. By approximating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-04 Guillaume Verdon , Juan Miguel Arrazola , Kamil Brádler , Nathan Killoran

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are promising methods for solving combinatorial optimization problems on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. However, benchmarking VQAs is difficult due to their stochastic behavior and the…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising candidate algorithm for demonstrating quantum advantage in optimization using near-term quantum computers. However, QAOA has high requirements on gate fidelity due to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-20 Xiaoyuan Liu , Ruslan Shaydulin , Ilya Safro

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading variational approach to combinatorial optimization, but its practical performance depends strongly on objective design, parameter search, and shot allocation. We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Siran Zhang , Shuming Cheng

Solving optimization problems with high performance is the target of existing works of Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). With this intention, we propose an advanced QAOA based on incremental learning, where the training…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 Lingxiao Li , Jing Li , Yanqi Song , Sujuan Qin , Qiaoyan Wen , Fei Gao

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Multi-angle QAOA (MA-QAOA), which assigns independent parameters to each Hamiltonian operator…

We introduce the Constraint-Enhanced Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (CE-QAOA), a shallow, constraint-aware ansatz that operates inside the one-hot product space [n]^m, where m is the number of blocks and each block is…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chinonso Onah , Roman Firt , Kristel Michielsen

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a standard method for combinatorial optimization with a gate-based quantum computer. The QAOA consists of a particular ansatz for the quantum circuit architecture, together with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-28 Li Li , Minjie Fan , Marc Coram , Patrick Riley , Stefan Leichenauer

Multi-stage stochastic programming is a well-established framework for sequential decision making under uncertainty by seeking policies that are fully adapted to the uncertainty. Often such flexible policies are not desirable, and the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-06 Beste Basciftci , Shabbir Ahmed , Nagi Gebraeel

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising quantum heuristic with empirical evidence of speedup over classical state-of-the-art for some problems. QAOA uses a parameterized circuit with $p$ layers, where higher $p$…

Traditional methods for handling (inequality) constraints in the Quantum Approximate Optimization Ansatz (QAOA) typically rely on penalty terms and slack variables, which increase problem complexity and expand the search space. More…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-04 David Bucher , Jonas Stein , Sebastian Feld , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Structured variational quantum algorithms such as the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) have emerged as leading candidates for exploiting advantages of near-term quantum hardware. They interlace classical computation, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Vincent Eichenseher , Maja Franz , Christian Wolff , Wolfgang Mauerer

Engineering design processes involve iterative design evaluations requiring numerous computationally intensive numerical simulations. Quantum algorithms promise substantial speedups for specific tasks relevant to engineering simulations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Leonhard Hölscher , Lukas Müller , Or Samimi , Tamuz Danzig

Variational quantum algorithms are the centerpiece of modern quantum programming. These algorithms involve training parameterized quantum circuits using a classical co-processor, an approach adapted partly from classical machine learning.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-09 V. Akshay , H. Philathong , E. Campos , D. Rabinovich , I. Zacharov , Xiao-Ming Zhang , J. Biamonte

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to solve binary-variable optimization problems. Due to the short circuit depth and its expected robustness to systematic errors, it is one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-23 Jason Larkin , Matías Jonsson , Daniel Justice , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a general-purpose algorithm for combinatorial optimization. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the QAOA on a statistical estimation problem, namely, the spiked tensor model,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Leo Zhou , Joao Basso , Song Mei

Recent years have seen unprecedented advance in the design and control of quantum computers. Nonetheless, their applicability is still restricted and access remains expensive. Therefore, a substantial amount of quantum algorithms research…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-11 Thomas Grurl , Richard Kueng , Jürgen Fuß , Robert Wille