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Related papers: Sensitivity Analysis of the Consistency Assumption

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Causal inference, especially in observational studies, relies on untestable assumptions about the true data-generating process. Sensitivity analysis helps us determine how robust our conclusions are when we alter these underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Nikita Dhawan , Daniel Shen , Leonardo Cotta , Chris J. Maddison

Matching is a commonly used causal inference study design in observational studies. Through matching on measured confounders between different treatment groups, valid randomization inferences can be conducted under the no unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-20 Jeffrey Zhang , Siyu Heng

In this work, we propose an approach for assessing sensitivity to unobserved confounding in studies with multiple outcomes. We demonstrate how prior knowledge unique to the multi-outcome setting can be leveraged to strengthen causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-26 Jiajing Zheng , Jiaxi Wu , Alexander D'Amour , Alexander Franks

We provide an analytical argument for understanding the likely nature of parameter shifts between those coming from an analysis of a dataset and from a subset of that dataset, assuming differences are down to noise and any intrinsic…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-28 Steven Gratton , Anthony Challinor

To ensure reliable causal conclusions from observational (i.e., non-randomized) studies, researchers routinely conduct sensitivity analysis to assess robustness to hidden bias due to unmeasured confounding. In matched observational studies…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-11 Siyu Heng , Elaine K. Chiu , Hyunseung Kang

In observational studies, it is typically unrealistic to assume that treatments are randomly assigned, even conditional on adjusting for all observed covariates. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis is often needed to examine how hidden biases…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-18 Siyu Heng , Dylan S. Small

Causal conclusions from observational studies may be sensitive to unmeasured confounding. In such cases, a sensitivity analysis is often conducted, which tries to infer the minimum amount of hidden biases or the minimum strength of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-03 Dongxiao Wu , Xinran Li

Inferring the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome in an observational study requires adjusting for observed baseline confounders to avoid bias. However, adjusting for all observed baseline covariates, when only a subset are…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-04 Wen Wei Loh , Stijn Vansteelandt

Sensitivity analysis (SA) has much to offer for a very large class of applications, such as model selection, calibration, optimization, quality assurance and many others. Sensitivity analysis offers crucial contextual information regarding…

The sensitivities revealed by a sensitivity analysis of a probabilistic network typically depend on the entered evidence. For a real-life network therefore, the analysis is performed a number of times, with different evidence. Although…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-19 Silja Renooij , Linda C. van der Gaag

Causal inference is capable of estimating the treatment effect (i.e., the causal effect of treatment on the outcome) to benefit the decision making in various domains. One fundamental challenge in this research is that the treatment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Qian Li , Zhichao Wang , Shaowu Liu , Gang Li , Guandong Xu

This article introduces a new condition based on odds ratios for sensitivity analysis. The analysis involves the average effect of a treatment or exposure on a response or outcome with estimates adjusted for and conditional on a single,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-11 Brian Knaeble , Julian Chan

Identifying covariates that modify treatment effects is a central problem in causal inference. Yet existing data-adaptive procedures do not provide finite-sample control over the expected number of false discoveries, risking spurious…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Omar Melikechi

Consider sensitivity analysis to assess the worst-case possible values of counterfactual outcome means and average treatment effects under sequential unmeasured confounding in a longitudinal study with time-varying treatments and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-31 Zhiqiang Tan

This paper studies inference in randomized controlled trials with covariate-adaptive randomization when there are multiple treatments. More specifically, we study inference about the average effect of one or more treatments relative to…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-01-21 Federico A. Bugni , Ivan A. Canay , Azeem M. Shaikh

Matching is one of the most widely used causal inference designs in observational studies, but post-matching confounding bias remains a critical concern. This bias includes overt bias from inexact matching on measured confounders and hidden…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-26 Siyu Heng , Yanxin Shen , Pengyun Wang

This paper introduces tools for assessing the sensitivity, to unobserved confounding, of a common estimator of the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome that employs weights: the weighted linear regression of the outcome on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-06 Leonard Wainstein , Chad Hazlett

Survey weighting allows researchers to account for bias in survey samples, due to unit nonresponse or convenience sampling, using measured demographic covariates. Unfortunately, in practice, it is impossible to know whether the estimated…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-07 Erin Hartman , Melody Huang

We present a new procedure for conducting a sensitivity analysis in matched observational studies. For any candidate test statistic, the approach defines tilted modifications dependent upon the proposed strength of unmeasured confounding.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-14 Colin B. Fogarty

This paper provides a set of methods for quantifying the robustness of treatment effects estimated using the unconfoundedness assumption (also known as selection on observables or conditional independence). Specifically, we estimate and do…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-01-01 Matthew A. Masten , Alexandre Poirier , Linqi Zhang