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Manipulating the electromagnetic spectrum at the single-photon level is fundamental for quantum experiments. In the visible and infrared range, this can be accomplished with atomic quantum emitters, and with superconducting qubits such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Alexander Anferov , Fanghui Wan , Shannon P. Harvey , Jonathan Simon , David I. Schuster

Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-27 Liu Qiu , Rishabh Sahu , William Hease , Georg Arnold , Johannes M. Fink

Frequency conversion between microwave and optical photons is a key enabling technology to create links between superconducting quantum processors and to realize distributed quantum networks. We propose a microwave-optical transduction…

Leveraging the quantum information processing ability of superconducting circuits and long-distance distribution ability of optical photons promises the realization of complex and large-scale quantum networks. In such a scheme, a coherent…

Quantum communication at microwave frequencies has been fundamentally constrained by the susceptibility of microwave photons to thermal noise, hindering their application in scalable quantum networks. Here we demonstrate a…

The quantum bits (qubits) on which superconducting quantum computers are based have energy scales corresponding to photons with GHz frequencies. The energy of photons in the gigahertz domain is too low to allow transmission through the…

Converting low-frequency electrical signals into much higher frequency optical signals has enabled modern communications networks to leverage both the strengths of microfabricated electrical circuits and optical fiber transmission, allowing…

Scalable, high speed data transfer between cryogenic (0.1-4 K) and room temperature environments is instrumental in a broad range of fields including quantum computing, superconducting electronics, single photon imaging and space-based…

Applied Physics · Physics 2020-02-04 Marc de Cea , Emma E. Wollman , Amir H. Atabaki , Dodd J. Gray , Matthew D. Shaw , Rajeev J. Ram

Quantum technologies promise a radically new way to solve classically intractable computing problems. Superconducting circuits as a platform are at the forefront of this field. The cryogenic operation temperatures of superconducting…

Practical quantum networks require low-loss and noise-resilient optical interconnects as well as non-Gaussian resources for entanglement distillation and distributed quantum computation. The latter could be provided by superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-23 G. Arnold , M. Wulf , S. Barzanjeh , E. S. Redchenko , A. Rueda , W. J. Hease , F. Hassani , J. M. Fink

Scaling up superconducting quantum processors remains a central challenge for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Although distributed architectures based on optical photons offer a promising route to scalability, they require an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Kyosuke Goto , Hodaka Kurokawa , Hideo Kosaka , Kazuki Koshino

A microwave-optical photon converter with high efficiency ($>50$ %) and low added noise ($\ll 1$ photon) could enable the creation of scalable quantum networks where quantum information is distributed optically and processed in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 M Khalifa , P S Kirwin , Jeff F Young , J Salfi

Two-way microwave-optical quantum transduction is essential to connecting distant superconducting qubits via optical fiber, and to enable quantum networking at a large scale. In Bl\'esin, Tian, Bhave, and Kippenberg's article, ``Quantum…

An important desired ingredient of superconducting quantum circuits is a readout scheme whose complexity does not increase with the number of qubits involved in the measurement. Here, we present a readout scheme employing a single microwave…

The processing unit of a solid-state quantum computer consists in an array of coupled qubits, each locally driven with on-chip microwave lines that route carefully-engineered control signals to the qubits in order to perform logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Francesco Cioni , Roberto Menta , Riccardo Aiudi , Marco Polini , Vittorio Giovannetti

A nonclassical light source is essential for implementing a wide range of quantum information processing protocols, including quantum computing, networking, communication, and metrology. In the microwave regime, propagating photonic qubits…

The successes of superconducting quantum circuits at local manipulation of quantum information and photonics technology at long-distance transmission of the same have spurred interest in the development of quantum transducers for efficient,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 Marcelo Wu , Emil Zeuthen , Krishna Coimbatore Balram , Kartik Srinivasan

A protocol is discussed which allows one to realize a transducer for single photons between the optical and the microwave frequency range. The transducer is a spin ensemble, where the individual emitters possess both an optical and a…

Quantum communication between remote superconducting systems is being studied intensively to increase the number of integrated superconducting qubits and to realize a distributed quantum computer. Since optical photons must be used for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-08 Hodaka Kurokawa , Moyuki Yamamoto , Yuhei Sekiguchi , Hideo Kosaka

Solid-state quantum computers require classical electronics to control and readout individual qubits and to enable fast classical data processing [1-3]. Integrating both subsystems at deep cryogenic temperatures [4], where solid-state…