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Neural speech codecs aim to compress input signals into minimal bits while maintaining content quality in a low-latency manner. However, existing neural codecs often trade model complexity for reconstruction performance. These codecs…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Yuzhe Gu , Enmao Diao

We present BigCodec, a low-bitrate neural speech codec. While recent neural speech codecs have shown impressive progress, their performance significantly deteriorates at low bitrates (around 1 kbps). Although a low bitrate inherently…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-10 Detai Xin , Xu Tan , Shinnosuke Takamichi , Hiroshi Saruwatari

Neural Audio Codecs (NACs) have become increasingly adopted in speech processing tasks due to their excellent rate-distortion performance and compatibility with Large Language Models (LLMs) as discrete feature representations for audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Harry Julian , Rachel Beeson , Lohith Konathala , Johanna Ulin , Jiameng Gao

Conventional audio coding technologies commonly leverage human perception of sound, or psychoacoustics, to reduce the bitrate while preserving the perceptual quality of the decoded audio signals. For neural audio codecs, however, the…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Kai Zhen , Mi Suk Lee , Jongmo Sung , Seungkwon Beack , Minje Kim

Neural speech codecs have become the discrete interface between raw audio and speech language models, yet they remain optimized primarily for acoustic reconstruction fidelity, which leaves emotion-relevant cues vulnerable to being discarded…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zhaoyang Meng , Zhengyao Ma , Kecan Mao , Yingming Gao , Ya Li

Conventional neural speech codecs suffer from severe intelligibility degradation at ultra-low bitrates, where the bottleneck transitions from acoustic distortion to semantic loss. To address this issue, this paper conducts a systematic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Mingyu Zhao , Zijian Lin , Kun Wei , Zhiyong Wu

The residual vector quantization (RVQ) technique plays a central role in recent advances in neural audio codecs. These models effectively synthesize high-fidelity audio from a limited number of codes due to the hierarchical structure among…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Hyeongju Kim , Junhyeok Lee , Jacob Morton , Juheon Lee , Jinhyeok Yang

This paper presents PhoenixCodec, a comprehensive neural speech coding and decoding framework designed for extremely low-resource conditions. The proposed system integrates an optimized asymmetric frequency-time architecture, a Cyclical…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-24 Zixiang Wan , Haoran Zhao , Guochang Zhang , Runqiang Han , Jianqiang Wei , Yuexian Zou

Audio coding is an essential module in the real-time communication system. Neural audio codecs can compress audio samples with a low bitrate due to the strong modeling and generative capabilities of deep neural networks. To address the poor…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Wenzhe Liu , Wei Xiao , Meng Wang , Shan Yang , Yupeng Shi , Yuyong Kang , Dan Su , Shidong Shang , Dong Yu

Neural audio codecs (NACs), which use neural networks to generate compact audio representations, have garnered interest for their applicability to many downstream tasks -- especially quantized codecs due to their compatibility with large…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-13 Ryo Aihara , Yoshiki Masuyama , Gordon Wichern , François G. Germain , Jonathan Le Roux

A good audio codec for live applications such as telecommunication is characterized by three key properties: (1) compression, i.e.\ the bitrate that is required to transmit the signal should be as low as possible; (2) latency, i.e.\…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-29 Yi-Chiao Wu , Israel D. Gebru , Dejan Marković , Alexander Richard

With the rise of multimodal large language models (LLMs), audio codec plays an increasingly vital role in encoding audio into discrete tokens, enabling integration of audio into text-based LLMs. Current audio codec captures two types of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-29 Ruifan Deng , Yitian Gong , Qinghui Gao , Luozhijie Jin , Qinyuan Cheng , Zhaoye Fei , Shimin Li , Xipeng Qiu

Speech coding facilitates the transmission of speech over low-bandwidth networks with minimal distortion. Neural-network based speech codecs have recently demonstrated significant improvements in quality over traditional approaches. While…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Ali Siahkoohi , Michael Chinen , Tom Denton , W. Bastiaan Kleijn , Jan Skoglund

Although discrete speech tokens have exhibited strong potential for language model-based speech generation, their high bitrates and redundant timbre information restrict the development of such models. In this work, we propose LSCodec, a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Yiwei Guo , Zhihan Li , Chenpeng Du , Hankun Wang , Xie Chen , Kai Yu

This paper considers the joint compression and enhancement problem for speech signal in the presence of noise. Recently, the SoundStream codec, which relies on end-to-end joint training of an encoder-decoder pair and a residual vector…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jiayi Huang , Zeyu Yan , Wenbin Jiang , He Wang , Fei Wen

Neural Audio Codecs, initially designed as a compression technique, have gained more attention recently for speech generation. Codec models represent each audio frame as a sequence of tokens, i.e., discrete embeddings. The discrete and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-31 Alexander H. Liu , Qirui Wang , Yuan Gong , James Glass

High-quality speech coding at low bitrates is crucial for bandwidth-constrained applications, yet remains challenging due to the severe loss of quality-critical information in highly compressed representations. To overcome this challenge,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-27 Xiao-Hang Jiang , Yang Ai , Hui-Peng Du , Zhen-Hua Ling , Ji Wu

Bandwidth extension, the task of reconstructing the high-frequency components of an audio signal from its low-pass counterpart, is a long-standing problem in audio processing. While traditional approaches have evolved alongside the broader…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Benoît Giniès , Xiaoyu Bie , Olivier Fercoq , Gaël Richard

The long speech sequence has been troubling language models (LM) based TTS approaches in terms of modeling complexity and efficiency. This work proposes SoCodec, a semantic-ordered multi-stream speech codec, to address this issue. It…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Haohan Guo , Fenglong Xie , Kun Xie , Dongchao Yang , Dake Guo , Xixin Wu , Helen Meng

We propose Hierarchical Audio Codec (HAC), a unified neural speech codec that factorizes its bottleneck into three linguistic levels-acoustic, phonetic, and lexical-within a single model. HAC leverages two knowledge distillation objectives:…