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Causality is a central topic in scientific inquiry, yet for complex systems, the identification and analysis of synergistic causation remain a challenging and fundamental problem. In the context of causal relations among multivariate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-06 Mingzhe Yang , Shuo Wang , Jiang Zhang

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) is a principled and flexible method to unveil complex high-order interactions in multi-unit network systems. Though being defined exclusively for random variables, PID is ubiquitously applied to…

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) seeks to disentangle how information about a target variable is distributed across multiple sources, separating redundant, unique, and synergistic contributions. Despite extensive theoretical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Philip Hendrik Matthias , Abdullah Makkeh , Michael Wibral , Aaron J. Gutknecht

The framework of Partial Information Decomposition (PID) unveils complex nonlinear interactions in network systems by dissecting the mutual information (MI) between a target variable and several source variables. While PID measures have…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2024-09-23 Chiara Barà , Yuri Antonacci , Marta Iovino , Ivan Lazic , Luca Faes

While mutual information effectively quantifies dependence between two variables, it does not by itself reveal the complex, fine-grained interactions among variables, i.e., how multiple sources contribute redundantly, uniquely, or…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Aobo Lyu , Andrew Clark , Netanel Raviv

The integration and transfer of information from multiple sources to multiple targets is a core motive of neural systems. The emerging field of partial information decomposition (PID) provides a novel information-theoretic lens into these…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Ari Pakman , Amin Nejatbakhsh , Dar Gilboa , Abdullah Makkeh , Luca Mazzucato , Michael Wibral , Elad Schneidman

Recent advances in neuroscientific experimental techniques have enabled us to simultaneously record the activity of thousands of neurons across multiple brain regions. This has led to a growing need for computational tools capable of…

Discovering a unique causal structure is difficult due to both inherent identifiability issues, and the consequences of finite data. As such, uncertainty over causal structures, such as those obtained from a Bayesian posterior, are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Anish Dhir , Matthew Ashman , James Requeima , Mark van der Wilk

Bivariate partial information decompositions (PIDs) characterize how the information in a "message" random variable is decomposed between two "constituent" random variables in terms of unique, redundant and synergistic information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Praveen Venkatesh , Gabriel Schamberg

We investigate the partial information decomposition (PID) framework as a tool for edge nomination. We consider both the $I_{\cap}^{\text{min}}$ and $I_{\cap}^{\text{PM}}$ PIDs, from arXiv:1004.2515 and arXiv:1801.09010 respectively, and we…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Jesse Milzman , Vince Lyzinski

Since its introduction in 2011, the partial information decomposition (PID) has triggered an explosion of interest in the field of multivariate information theory and the study of emergent, higher-order ("synergistic") interactions in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Thomas F. Varley

The study of multimodality has garnered significant interest in fields where the analysis of interactions among multiple information sources can enhance predictive modeling, data fusion, and interpretability. Partial information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Wenyuan Zhao , Adithya Balachandran , Chao Tian , Paul Pu Liang

A central challenge in analyzing multivariate interactions within complex systems is to decompose how multiple inputs jointly determine an output. Existing approaches generally operate on observed probability distributions and can conflate…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Clifford Bohm , Vincent R. Ragusa , Arend Hintze , Charles Ofria , Emily Dolson , Christoph Adami

Bivariate Partial Information Decomposition (PID) describes how the mutual information between a random variable M and two random variables Y and Z is decomposed into unique, redundant, and synergistic terms. Recently, PID has shown promise…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Chaitanya Goswami , Amanda Merkley , Pulkit Grover

The partial information decomposition (PID) is perhaps the leading proposal for resolving information shared between a set of sources and a target into redundant, synergistic, and unique constituents. Unfortunately, the PID framework has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-10-30 Ryan G. James , Jeffrey Emenheiser , James P. Crutchfield

We consider the "partial information decomposition" (PID) problem, which aims to decompose the information that a set of source random variables provide about a target random variable into separate redundant, synergistic, union, and unique…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Artemy Kolchinsky

The conventional approach to the general Partial Information Decomposition (PID) problem has been redundancy-based: specifying a measure of redundant information between collections of source variables induces a PID via Moebius-Inversion…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Aaron J. Gutknecht , Abdullah Makkeh , Michael Wibral

Spuriousness arises when there is an association between two or more variables in a dataset that are not causally related. In this work, we propose an explainability framework to preemptively disentangle the nature of such spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Barproda Halder , Faisal Hamman , Pasan Dissanayake , Qiuyi Zhang , Ilia Sucholutsky , Sanghamitra Dutta

Inferring the causal relationships among a set of variables in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is an important but notoriously challenging problem. Recently, advancements in high-throughput genomic perturbation screens have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Seong Woo Han , Daniel Duy Vo , Brielin C. Brown

Partial information decomposition (PID) seeks to decompose the multivariate mutual information that a set of source variables contains about a target variable into basic pieces, the so called "atoms of information". Each atom describes a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Aaron J. Gutknecht , Michael Wibral , Abdullah Makkeh
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