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We propose a novel measure of statistical depth, the metric spatial depth, for data residing in an arbitrary metric space. The measure assigns high (low) values for points located near (far away from) the bulk of the data distribution,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-19 Joni Virta

Many generative models originally developed in finite-dimensional Euclidean space have functional generalizations in infinite-dimensional settings. However, the extension of rectified flow to infinite-dimensional spaces remains unexplored.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Jianxin Zhang , Clayton Scott

Data depth is a statistical function that generalizes order and quantiles to the multivariate setting and beyond, with applications spanning over descriptive and visual statistics, anomaly detection, testing, etc. The celebrated halfspace…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-22 Arturo Castellanos , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Florence d'Alché-Buc , Hicham Janati

Many real world data are sampled functions. As shown by Functional Data Analysis (FDA) methods, spectra, time series, images, gesture recognition data, etc. can be processed more efficiently if their functional nature is taken into account…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Fabrice Rossi , Brieuc Conan-Guez

During the past two decades there has been a lot of interest in developing statistical depth notions that generalize the univariate concept of ranking to multivariate data. The notion of depth has also been extended to regression models and…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-08-18 Peter J. Rousseeuw , Mia Hubert

In this article we introduce a notion of depth functions for data types that are not given in standard statistical data formats. We focus on data that cannot be represented by one specific data structure, such as normed vector spaces. This…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-17 Hannah Blocher , Georg Schollmeyer

Data depth functions are a generalization of one-dimensional order statistics and medians to real spaces of dimension greater than one; in particular, a data depth function quantifies the centrality of a point with respect to a data set or…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-17 Michael Burr , Robert Fabrizio

The halfspace depth is a prominent tool of nonparametric multivariate analysis. The upper level sets of the depth, termed the trimmed regions of a measure, serve as a natural generalization of the quantiles and inter-quantile regions to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-26 Petra Laketa , Stanislav Nagy

Among their competitors, projection depth and its induced estimators are very favorable because they can enjoy very high breakdown point robustness without having to pay the price of low efficiency, meanwhile providing a promising…

Computation · Statistics 2011-12-30 Xiaohui Liu , Yijun Zuo , Zhizhong Wang

Functional data that are nonnegative and have a constrained integral can be considered as samples of one-dimensional density functions. Such data are ubiquitous. Due to the inherent constraints, densities do not live in a vector space and,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-01-13 Alexander Petersen , Hans-Georg Müller

Robust estimation of location is a fundamental problem in statistics, particularly in scenarios where data contamination by outliers or model misspecification is a concern. In univariate settings, methods such as the sample median and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-07 Alejandro Cholaquidis , Ricardo Fraiman , Leonardo Moreno , Gonzalo Perera

Statistical depth is the act of gauging how representative a point is compared to a reference probability measure. The depth allows introducing rankings and orderings to data living in multivariate, or function spaces. Though widely applied…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-28 George Wynne , Stanislav Nagy

We consider data-based predictive control based on behavioral systems theory. In the linear setting this means that a system is described as a subspace of trajectories, and predictive control can be formulated using a projection onto the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-02 András Sasfi , Jaap Eising , Florian Dörfler

Different notions on regularity of sets and of collection of sets play an important role in the analysis of the convergence of projection algorithms in nonconvex scenarios. While some projection algorithms can be applied to feasibility…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-24 Rubén Campoy

The angular halfspace depth (ahD) is a natural modification of the celebrated halfspace (or Tukey) depth to the setup of directional data. It allows us to define elements of nonparametric inference, such as the median, the inter-quantile…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-14 Stanislav Nagy , Petra Laketa

Unsupervised representation learning methods are widely used for gaining insight into high-dimensional, unstructured, or structured data. In some cases, users may have prior topological knowledge about the data, such as a known cluster…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Edith Heiter , Robin Vandaele , Tijl De Bie , Yvan Saeys , Jefrey Lijffijt

Functional linear regression is one of the fundamental and well-studied methods in functional data analysis. In this work, we investigate the functional linear regression model within the context of reproducing kernel Hilbert space by…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-12-12 Naveen Gupta , S. Sivananthan , Bharath K. Sriperumbudur

We take a geometrical viewpoint and present a unifying view on supervised deep learning with the Bregman divergence loss function - this entails frequent classification and prediction tasks. Motivated by simulations we suggest that there is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Petr Taborsky , Lars Kai Hansen

We propose a new class of generative diffusion models, called functional diffusion. In contrast to previous work, functional diffusion works on samples that are represented by functions with a continuous domain. Functional diffusion can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Biao Zhang , Peter Wonka

Geometric quantiles are popular location functionals to build rank-based statistical procedures in multivariate settings. They are obtained through the minimization of a non-smooth convex objective function. As a result, the singularity of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-11 Dimitri Konen , Gilles Stupfler