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It is shown that the famous paradox of two charged capacitors is successfully resolved if all the energy changes in the system are properly considered when some of the charges are transferred from one capacitor to the other. It happens so…

Classical Physics · Physics 2016-11-04 Ashok K. Singal

Consider two capacitors in parallel, but initially isolated by a switch such that one is charged and the other not. After the switch is closed, the charges redistribute themselves in such a way that the final electrostatic energy is less…

Classical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Kirk T. McDonald

In this work single capacitor paradox (a variation of the remarkable two capacitor paradox) is considered in a new, quantum discrete form. Simply speaking we consider well-known usual, photoelectric effect experimental device, i.e. photo…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-12-11 Darko Kapor , Vladan Pankovic

The well-known two-capacitor problem, in which exactly half the stored energy disappears when a charged capacitor is connected to an identical capacitor is discussed based on the mechanical harmonic oscillator model approach. In the…

Classical Physics · Physics 2012-10-17 Keeyung Lee

Cryptography is vital for data security, but cryptographic algorithms can still be vulnerable to side-channel attacks (SCAs), physical assaults exploiting power consumption and EM radiation. SCAs pose a significant threat to cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Muhammad Rusyaidi Zunaidi , Asanka Sayakkara , Mark Scanlon

Side Channel Analysis (SCA) relaxes the black-box assumption of conventional cryptanalysis by incorporating physical measurements acquired during cryptographic operations. Electro-magnetic (EM) emissions of a chip during computations often…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Elie Bursztein , Michael Gruber , Karel Král , Jean-Michel Picod , Matthias Probst , Georg Sigl

In the present work we study the well-known Two Capacitor Problem from a new perspective. Although this problem has been thoroughly investigated, as far as we know there are no studies of the thermodynamic aspects of the discharge process.…

Classical Physics · Physics 2012-06-12 Vitor Lara , Alexandre P. Lima , Antônio T. Costa

Half of the energy is always lost when charging a capacitor. Even in the limit of vanishing resistance, half of the charging energy is still lost--to radiation instead of heat. While this fraction can technically be reduced by charging…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-05-14 Justin C. Wong , Sayeef Salahuddin

In this work we consider a new version of the remarkable two capacitor paradox, concretely its simpler form called single capacitor paradox in realistic case when all capacitors plates, conductors and switch are made by the same kind of…

General Physics · Physics 2023-01-02 Vladan Pankovic

Physical side channels emerge from the relation between internal computation or data with observable physical parameters of a chip. Previous works mostly focus on properties related to current consumption such as power consumption. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Md Sadik Awal , Buddhipriya Gayanath , Md Tauhidur Rahman

The classical two-capacitor problem shows a mysterious lose of energy even under lossless conditions and questions the basic understanding of energy relation in a capacitor. Here, we present a solution to the classical two-capacitor…

Physics Education · Physics 2009-10-29 A. P. James

We fill a gap in the arguments of Boykin et al [American Journal of Physics, Vol 70 No. 4, pp 415-420 (2002)] by not invoking an electric current loop (i.e. magnetic dipole model) to account for the radiation energy loss, since an obvious…

Classical Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 T. C. Choy

The gamut of todays internet-connected embedded devices has led to increased concerns regarding the security and confidentiality of data. Most internet-connected embedded devices employ mathematically secure cryptographic algorithms to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Archisman Ghosh

A capacitor paradox is an electromagnetic problem designed to show the limits of circuit theory which considers the connection of two ideal capacitors, one charged and the second discharged. A blind solution to this problem leads to the…

Classical Physics · Physics 2018-07-02 P. Ourednik , L. Jelinek

Devices that use quantum advantages for storing energy in the degree of freedom of quantum systems have drawn attention due to their properties of working as quantum batteries. However, one can identify a number of problems that need to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-13 Alan C. Santos

Lightweight cryptography is a novel diversion from conventional cryptography that targets internet-of-things (IoT) platform due to resource constraints. In comparison, it offers smaller cryptographic primitives such as shorter key sizes,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Nilupulee A. Gunathilake , Ahmed Al-Dubai , William J. Buchanan , Owen Lo

Inspired by recent assertions that imply incorrectness of the classical constitutive relationship of time-varying capacitance, energetic and system-theoretic perspectives are invoked that, instead of incorrectness, show incompleteness of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-10-26 Dimitri Jeltsema

Side-channel vulnerabilities pose an increasing threat to cryptographically protected devices. Consequently, it is crucial to observe information leakages through physical parameters such as power consumption and electromagnetic (EM)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Nilupulee A Gunathilake , Owen Lo , William J Buchanan , Ahmed Al-Dubai

Energy dissipation, typically considered an undesirable process, has recently been shown to be harnessed as a resource to optimize the performance of a quantum battery. Following this perspective, we introduce a novel technique of charging…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Borhan Ahmadi , Paweł Mazurek , Shabir Barzanjeh , Paweł Horodecki

Side-channel attacks (SCAs), which infer secret information (for example secret keys) by exploiting information that leaks from the implementation (such as power consumption), have been shown to be a non-negligible threat to modern…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Shan Jin , Minghua Xu , Yiwei Cai
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