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As the development of large language models (LLMs) rapidly advances, securing these models effectively without compromising their utility has become a pivotal area of research. However, current defense strategies against jailbreak attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Caishuang Huang , Wanxu Zhao , Rui Zheng , Huijie Lv , Wenyu Zhan , Shihan Dou , Sixian Li , Xiao Wang , Enyu Zhou , Junjie Ye , Yuming Yang , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding, reasoning, and generation. However, these systems remain susceptible to malicious prompts that induce unsafe or policy-violating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Shayan Ali Hassan , Tao Ni , Zafar Ayyub Qazi , Marco Canini

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing (NLP), enabling applications from content generation to decision support. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves LLMs by incorporating external knowledge but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zirui Cheng , Jikai Sun , Anjun Gao , Yueyang Quan , Zhuqing Liu , Xiaohua Hu , Minghong Fang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted in a wide range of real-world applications. Despite their impressive performance, recent studies have shown that LLMs are vulnerable to deliberately crafted adversarial prompts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Yige Li , Ye Zhang , Jun Sun

Agentic methods have emerged as a powerful and autonomous paradigm that enhances reasoning, collaboration, and adaptive control, enabling systems to coordinate and independently solve complex tasks. We extend this paradigm to safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Juan Ren , Mark Dras , Usman Naseem

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used for emotional support. They are also being developed for formal therapy purposes. However, LLMs like ChaptGPT or Llama are often developed with content moderation guardrails that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiwon Kim , Claire Wang , Taeung Yoon , Sabelle Huang , Koustuv Saha

Large Language Model (LLM) agents increasingly operate across domains such as robotics, virtual assistants, and web automation. However, their stochastic decision-making introduces safety risks that are difficult to anticipate during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Haoyu Wang , Christopher M. Poskitt , Jiali Wei , Jun Sun

Current safety mechanisms for Large Language Models (LLMs) rely heavily on static, fine-tuned classifiers that suffer from adaptation rigidity, the inability to enforce new governance rules without expensive retraining. To address this, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Umid Suleymanov , Rufiz Bayramov , Suad Gafarli , Seljan Musayeva , Taghi Mammadov , Aynur Akhundlu , Murat Kantarcioglu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in complex applications, their vulnerability to adversarial attacks raises urgent safety concerns, especially those evolving over multi-round interactions. Existing defenses are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Siyuan Li , Zehao Liu , Xi Lin , Qinghua Mao , Yuliang Chen , Haoyu Li , Jun Wu , Jianhua Li , Xiu Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language tasks, but their safety and morality remain contentious due to their training on internet text corpora. To address these concerns, alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Mohammad Bahrami Karkevandi , Nishant Vishwamitra , Peyman Najafirad

Large language models (LLMs) have convincing performance in a variety of downstream tasks. However, these systems are prone to generating undesirable outputs such as harmful and biased text. In order to remedy such generations, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Manish Nagireddy , Inkit Padhi , Soumya Ghosh , Prasanna Sattigeri

While vision and multimodal foundation models underpin critical tasks from perception to complex reasoning, they remain highly vulnerable to adversarial attacks. However, traditional adversarial attacks are typically limited to single,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ye Sun , Xin Wang , Jiaming Zhang , Yifeng Gao , Yixu Wang , Yifan Ding , Qixian Zhang , Henghui Ding , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently gained attention due to their ability to understand and generate sophisticated human-like content. However, ensuring their safety is paramount as they might provide harmful and unsafe responses.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Miriam Ugarte , Pablo Valle , José Antonio Parejo , Sergio Segura , Aitor Arrieta

Powered by remarkable advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities in manifold tasks. However, the practical application scenarios of MLLMs are intricate,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tianle Gu , Zeyang Zhou , Kexin Huang , Dandan Liang , Yixu Wang , Haiquan Zhao , Yuanqi Yao , Xingge Qiao , Keqing Wang , Yujiu Yang , Yan Teng , Yu Qiao , Yingchun Wang

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized the field of natural language processing, yet they might be attacked to produce harmful content. Despite efforts to ethically align LLMs, these are often fragile and can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Zichuan Liu , Zefan Wang , Linjie Xu , Jinyu Wang , Lei Song , Tianchun Wang , Chunlin Chen , Wei Cheng , Jiang Bian

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to increasingly sophisticated safety protocols and features designed to prevent harmful, unethical, or unauthorized outputs. However, these guardrails remain susceptible to novel and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Annika M Schoene , Cansu Canca

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), the safety of LLMs has been a critical concern requiring precise assessment. Current benchmarks primarily concentrate on single-turn dialogues or a single jailbreak attack method…

Recent defenses for safeguarding open-weight large language models (LLMs) are intended to prevent adversarial usage. Underlying these defenses is an assumption that new harmful behavior is learned through fine-tuning rather than elicited by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kevin Kuo , Chhavi Yadav , Virginia Smith

Large Language Models (LLMs) guardrail systems are designed to protect against prompt injection and jailbreak attacks. However, they remain vulnerable to evasion techniques. We demonstrate two approaches for bypassing LLM prompt injection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 William Hackett , Lewis Birch , Stefan Trawicki , Neeraj Suri , Peter Garraghan

This work addresses the computational challenge of enforcing privacy for agentic Large Language Models (LLMs), where privacy is governed by the contextual integrity framework. Indeed, existing defenses rely on LLM-mediated checking stages…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Saswat Das , Ferdinando Fioretto
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