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The rapid proliferation of benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) has created an urgent need for systematic methods to assess benchmark quality itself. We propose Benchmark^2, a comprehensive framework comprising three…

Large language models (LLMs) can often generate functionally correct code, but their ability to produce efficient implementations for performance-critical systems tasks remains limited. Existing code benchmarks mainly emphasize correctness…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Huihao Jing , Wenbin Hu , Haochen Shi , Hanyu Yang , Sirui Zhang , Shaojin Chen , Haoran Li , Yangqiu Song

Code Large Language Models (CLLMs) have exhibited outstanding performance in program synthesis, attracting the focus of the research community. The evaluation of CLLM's program synthesis capability has generally relied on manually curated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Longtian Wang , Tianlin Li , Xiaofei Xie , Yuhan Zhi , Jian Wang , Chao Shen

LLM-as-a-judge is a framework where a large language model (LLM) evaluates the output of another LLM. While LLMs excel at producing qualitative textual evaluations, they often struggle to predict human preferences and numeric scores. We…

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang

Code review is a critical practice in modern software engineering, helping developers detect defects early, improve code quality, and facilitate knowledge sharing. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), a growing body…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Taufiqul Islam Khan , Shaowei Wang , Haoxiang Zhang , Tse-Hsun Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) and other automated techniques have been increasingly used to support software developers by generating software artifacts such as code snippets, patches, and comments. However, accurately assessing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xin Zhou , Kisub Kim , Ting Zhang , Martin Weyssow , Luis F. Gomes , Guang Yang , Kui Liu , Xin Xia , David Lo

Automating the decision of whether a code change requires manual review is vital for maintaining software quality in modern development workflows. However, the emergence of new programming languages and frameworks creates a critical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Yogev Cohen , Dudi Ohayon , Romy Somkin , Yehudit Aperstein , Alexander Apartsin

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving fast and are now frequently used as evaluators, in a process typically referred to as LLM-as-a-Judge, which provides quality assessments of model outputs. However, recent research points out…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hugo Silva , Mateus Mendes , Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used as automated judges, where practical value depends on both accuracy and trustworthy, risk-aware judgments. Existing approaches predominantly focus on accuracy, overlooking the necessity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zailong Tian , Zhuoheng Han , Yanzhe Chen , Haozhe Xu , Xi Yang , Richeng Xuan , Houfeng Wang , Lizi Liao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to autonomously evaluate the quality of content in communication systems, e.g., to assess responses in telecom customer support chatbots. However, the impartiality of these AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiaxin Gao , Chen Chen , Yanwen Jia , Xueluan Gong , Kwok-Yan Lam , Qian Wang

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has sparked enormous interest due to their potential application across a range of educational tasks. For example, recent work in programming education has used LLMs to generate learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Charles Koutcheme , Nicola Dainese , Sami Sarsa , Juho Leinonen , Arto Hellas , Paul Denny

Automation in software engineering increasingly relies on large language models (LLMs) to generate, review, and assess code artifacts. However, establishing LLMs as reliable evaluators remains an open challenge: human evaluations are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Ora Nova Fandina , Eitan Farchi , Shmulik Froimovich , Rami Katan , Alice Podolsky , Orna Raz , Avi Ziv

Traditional evaluation metrics like BLEU and ROUGE fall short when capturing the nuanced qualities of generated text, particularly when there is no single ground truth. In this paper, we explore the potential of Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Manav Chaudhary , Harshit Gupta , Savita Bhat , Vasudeva Varma

As qualitative researchers show growing interest in using automated tools to support interpretive analysis, a large language model (LLM) is often introduced into an analytic workflow as is, without systematic evaluation of interpretive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Songhee Han , Jueun Shin , Jiyoon Han , Bung-Woo Jun , Hilal Ayan Karabatman

In current benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs), there are issues such as evaluation content restriction, untimely updates, and lack of optimization guidance. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for the measurement of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Jin Liu , Qingquan Li , Wenlong Du

Benchmarks are the de facto standard for tracking progress in large language models (LLMs), yet static test sets can rapidly saturate, become vulnerable to contamination, and are costly to refresh. Scalable evaluation of open-ended items…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yandan Zheng , Haoran Luo , Zhenghong Lin , Wenjin Liu , Luu Anh Tuan

The potential of large language models (LLMs) to generate harmful content poses a significant safety risk for data management, as LLMs are increasingly being used as engines for data generation. To assess this risk, numerous harmfulness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Langqi Yang , Tianhang Zheng , Yixuan Chen , Kedong Xiu , Hao Zhou , Wangze Ni , Lei Chen , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren

Large language models for code are advancing fast, yet our ability to evaluate them lags behind. Current benchmarks focus on narrow tasks and single metrics, which hide critical gaps in robustness, interpretability, fairness, efficiency,…

Current mathematical reasoning benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) are approaching saturation, with some achieving > 90% accuracy, and are increasingly compromised by training-set contamination. We introduce Putnam-AXIOM, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Aryan Gulati , Brando Miranda , Eric Chen , Emily Xia , Kai Fronsdal , Bruno Dumont , Elyas Obbad , Sanmi Koyejo