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Routinely collected data from electronic health records (EHR) provide opportunities to study effects of longitudinal treatment strategies in real-world clinical settings. A challenge presented by EHR data is that frequency of covariate…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-14 Leah Pirondini , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Edward Palmer , Ruth H. Keogh

The aim of clinical effectiveness research using repositories of electronic health records is to identify what health interventions 'work best' in real-world settings. Since there are several reasons why the net benefit of intervention may…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-19 Jie Zhu , Blanca Gallego

Missingness in variables that define study eligibility criteria is a seldom addressed challenge in electronic health record (EHR)-based settings. It is typically the case that patients with incomplete eligibility information are excluded…

Causal inference methods based on electronic health record (EHR) databases must simultaneously handle confounding and missing data. Vast scholarship exists aimed at addressing these two issues separately, but surprisingly few papers attempt…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-28 Luke Benz , Alexander Levis , Sebastien Haneuse

Estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects is an essential component of precision medicine. Model and algorithm-based methods have been developed within the causal inference framework to achieve valid estimation and inference. Existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-10 Ruohong Li , Honglang Wang , Wanzhu Tu

In studies based on electronic health records (EHR), the frequency of covariate monitoring can vary by covariate type, across patients, and over time. This can lead to major challenges: first, the difference in monitoring protocols may…

Although increasingly used as a data resource for assembling cohorts, electronic health records (EHRs) pose many analytic challenges. In particular, a patient's health status influences when and what data are recorded, generating sampling…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-28 Yifei Sun , Charles E. McCulloch , Kieren A. Marr , Chiung-Yu Huang

Biomedical studies that use electronic health records (EHR) data for inference are often subject to bias due to measurement error. The measurement error present in EHR data is typically complex, consisting of errors of unknown functional…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-16 Eric J. Oh , Bryan E. Shepherd , Thomas Lumley , Pamela A. Shaw

Missing data arise in most applied settings and are ubiquitous in electronic health records (EHR). When data are missing not at random (MNAR) with respect to measured covariates, sensitivity analyses are often considered. These post-hoc…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-11 Alexander W. Levis , Rajarshi Mukherjee , Rui Wang , Heidi Fischer , Sebastien Haneuse

In studies that rely on data from electronic health records (EHRs), unstructured text data such as clinical progress notes offer a rich source of information about patient characteristics and care that may be missing from structured data.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Reagan Mozer , Aaron R. Kaufman , Leo A. Celi , Luke Miratrix

This paper establishes a series of sensitivity analyses to investigate the impact of missing values in the electronic health records (EHR) that are possibly missing not at random (MNAR). EHRs have gained tremendous interest due to their…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-28 Jungwun Lee , Sebastien Haneuse , Rajarshi Mukherjee , Tanayott Thaweethai

The burden of diseases is rising worldwide, with unequal treatment efficacy for patient populations that are underrepresented in clinical trials. Healthcare, however, is driven by the average population effect of medical treatments and,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Ghadeer O. Ghosheh , Moritz Gögl , Tingting Zhu

The treatment effects of medications play a key role in guiding medical prescriptions. They are usually assessed with randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are expensive. Recently, large-scale electronic health records (EHRs) have…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-20 Linying Zhang , Yixin Wang , Anna Ostropolets , Jami J. Mulgrave , David M. Blei , George Hripcsak

Measurement error is a common challenge for causal inference studies using electronic health record (EHR) data, where clinical outcomes and treatments are frequently mismeasured. Researchers often address measurement error by conducting…

Estimating treatment effects conditional on observed covariates can improve the ability to tailor treatments to particular individuals. Doing so effectively requires dealing with potential confounding, and also enough data to adequately…

We consider time to treatment initiation. This can commonly occur in preventive medicine, such as disease screening and vaccination; it can also occur with non-fatal health conditions such as HIV infection without the onset of AIDS. While…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Zhichen Zhao , Andrew Ying , Ronghui Xu

The average treatment effect (ATE) is popularly used to assess the treatment effect. However, the ATE implicitly assumes a homogenous treatment effect even amongst individuals with different characteristics. In this paper, we mainly focus…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-03-10 Yunjian Yin , Lan Liu , Zhi Geng

Healthcare continues to grapple with the persistent issue of treatment disparities, sparking concerns regarding the equitable allocation of treatments in clinical practice. While various fairness metrics have emerged to assess fairness in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Linying Zhang , Lauren R. Richter , Yixin Wang , Anna Ostropolets , Noemie Elhadad , David M. Blei , George Hripcsak

Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) compare the costs and health outcomes of treatment regimes to inform medical decisions. With observational claims data, CEAs must address nonrandom treatment assignment, administrative censoring, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Esteban Fernández-Morales , Emily M. Ko , Nandita Mitra , Youjin Lee , Arman Oganisian

This paper provides a new approach for identifying and estimating the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated under a linear factor model that allows for multiple time-varying unobservables. Unlike the majority of the literature on…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-03-28 Koki Fusejima , Takuya Ishihara
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