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Autonomous agents that execute human tasks by controlling computers can enhance human productivity and application accessibility. However, progress in this field will be driven by realistic and reproducible benchmarks. We present…

A central bottleneck for phone-use agents is that controllable, reproducible environments covering real mobile behavior are hard to build at scale. Existing mobile-agent benchmarks have made important progress on evaluation, but they do not…

Autonomous agents that address day-to-day digital tasks (e.g., ordering groceries for a household), must not only operate multiple apps (e.g., notes, messaging, shopping app) via APIs, but also generate rich code with complex control flow…

Mobile agents can autonomously complete user-assigned tasks through GUI interactions. However, existing mainstream evaluation benchmarks, such as AndroidWorld, operate by connecting to a system-level Android emulator and provide evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yunfei Feng , Xi Zhao , Cheng Zhang , Dahu Feng , Daolin Cheng , Jianqi Yu , Yubin Xia , Erhu Feng

Large language model (LLM)-based mobile agents are increasingly popular due to their capability to interact directly with mobile phone Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs) and their potential to autonomously manage daily tasks. Despite their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Luyuan Wang , Yongyu Deng , Yiwei Zha , Guodong Mao , Qinmin Wang , Tianchen Min , Wei Chen , Shoufa Chen

Mobile GUI agents powered by large language models have progressed rapidly, creating urgent needs for realistic and comprehensive evaluation. Existing benchmarks prioritize reproducibility but are often limited to open-source apps or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Guohong Liu , Jialei Ye , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Yunxin Liu , Yuanchun Li

While GUI agents have shown impressive capabilities in common computer-use tasks such as OSWorld, current benchmarks mainly focus on isolated and single-application tasks. This overlooks a critical real-world requirement of coordinating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jinchao Li , Yunxin Li , Chenrui Zhao , Zhenran Xu , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

(M)LLM-powered computer use agents (CUA) are emerging as a transformative technique to automate human-computer interaction. However, existing CUA benchmarks predominantly target GUI agents, whose evaluation methods are susceptible to UI…

Autonomous agents have become increasingly important for interacting with the real world. Android agents, in particular, have been recently a frequently-mentioned interaction method. However, existing studies for training and evaluating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yifan Xu , Xiao Liu , Xueqiao Sun , Siyi Cheng , Hao Yu , Hanyu Lai , Shudan Zhang , Dan Zhang , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

Autonomous agents that accomplish complex computer tasks with minimal human interventions have the potential to transform human-computer interaction, significantly enhancing accessibility and productivity. However, existing benchmarks…

Towards an embodied generalist for real-world interaction, Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) agents still suffer from challenging latency, sparse feedback, and irreversible mistakes. Video games offer an ideal testbed with rich visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Mingyu Ouyang , Siyuan Hu , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Hwee Tou Ng , Mike Zheng Shou

Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of mobile GUI agents powered by large language models (LLMs), which can autonomously execute diverse device-control tasks based on natural language instructions. The increasing accuracy of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Guohong Liu , Jialei Ye , Jiacheng Liu , Yuanchun Li , Wei Liu , Pengzhi Gao , Jian Luan , Yunxin Liu

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled agents to operate in open-ended web and operating system environments. However, existing benchmarks predominantly target consumer-oriented scenarios (e.g., e-commerce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ying Mo , Yu Bai , Dapeng Sun , Yuqian Shi , Yukai Miao , Li Chen , Dan Li

The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is pivotal for human interaction with the digital world, enabling efficient device control and the completion of complex tasks. Recent progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Danyang Zhang , Zhennan Shen , Rui Xie , Situo Zhang , Tianbao Xie , Zihan Zhao , Siyuan Chen , Lu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Ruisheng Cao , Kai Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models has enabled agents to operate mobile devices by directly interacting with graphical user interfaces, opening new possibilities for mobile automation. However, real-world mobile tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yuanyi Song , Heyuan Huang , Qiqiang Lin , Yin Zhao , Xiangmou Qu , Jun Wang , Xingyu Lou , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Jun Wang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang , Zhaoxiang Wang

Mobile device control agents can largely enhance user interactions and productivity by automating daily tasks. However, despite growing interest in developing practical agents, the absence of a commonly adopted benchmark in this area makes…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Juyong Lee , Taywon Min , Minyong An , Dongyoon Hahm , Haeone Lee , Changyeon Kim , Kimin Lee

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant progress in mobile agent development, yet their capabilities are predominantly confined to a reactive paradigm, where they merely execute explicit user commands. The emerging…

The rapid development of GUI foundation models and mobile GUI agents has spurred numerous evaluation benchmarks, yet most rely on simulated environments or open-source applications, leaving real-world closed-source applications largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yifan Sui , Xin Huang , Hongbing Li , Fang Xu , Jiahe Lv , Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Litao Liu , Zhimin Fan , Ziyang Meng , Jia Wang , Junbo Qi , Kaijun Tan , Zheng Ge , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang , Osamu Yoshie

Mobile phone agents can assist people in automating daily tasks on their phones, which have emerged as a pivotal research spotlight. However, existing procedure-oriented agents struggle with cross-app instructions, due to the following…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuxuan Liu , Hongda Sun , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bo Du , Rui Yan
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