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In this work, we consider policy-based methods for solving the reinforcement learning problem, and establish the sample complexity guarantees. A policy-based algorithm typically consists of an actor and a critic. We consider using various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Zaiwei Chen , Siva Theja Maguluri

Graph combinatorial optimization (GCO) has attracted growing interest, as many NP-hard problems naturally admit graph formulations, yet their combinatorial explosion renders exact methods computationally intractable. Recent advances in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Franco Terranova , Guillermo Bernardez , Albert Cabellos-Aparicio , Nina Miolane , Abdelkader Lahmadi

Branch-and-bound is a systematic enumerative method for combinatorial optimization, where the performance highly relies on the variable selection strategy. State-of-the-art handcrafted heuristic strategies suffer from relatively slow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Tianyu Zhang , Amin Banitalebi-Dehkordi , Yong Zhang

Mean field games (MFGs) have emerged as a powerful framework for modeling interactions in large-scale multi-agent systems. Despite recent advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) for MFGs, existing methods are typically limited to finite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Lorenzo Magnino , Kai Shao , Zida Wu , Jiacheng Shen , Mathieu Laurière

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) provides a general-purpose methodology for training inventory policies that can leverage big data and compute. However, off-the-shelf implementations of DRL have seen mixed success, often plagued by high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Yaqi Xie , Xinru Hao , Jiaxi Liu , Will Ma , Linwei Xin , Lei Cao , Yidong Zhang

With Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) being increasingly considered for the control of real-world systems, the lack of transparency of the neural network at the core of RL becomes a concern. Programmatic Reinforcement Learning (PRL) is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Senne Deproost , Denis Steckelmacher , Ann Nowé

Learning a policy with great generalization to unseen environments remains challenging but critical in visual reinforcement learning. Despite the success of augmentation combination in the supervised learning generalization, naively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Siao Liu , Zhaoyu Chen , Yang Liu , Yuzheng Wang , Dingkang Yang , Zhile Zhao , Ziqing Zhou , Xie Yi , Wei Li , Wenqiang Zhang , Zhongxue Gan

Dialogue policy plays an important role in task-oriented spoken dialogue systems. It determines how to respond to users. The recently proposed deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approaches have been used for policy optimization. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Lu Chen , Zhi Chen , Bowen Tan , Sishan Long , Milica Gasic , Kai Yu

One of the key challenges that Reinforcement Learning (RL) faces is its limited capability to adapt to a change of data distribution caused by uncertainties. This challenge arises especially in RL systems using deep neural networks as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Amornyos Horprasert , Esa Apriaskar , Xingyu Liu , Lanlan Su , Lyudmila S. Mihaylova

Humans can leverage both symbolic reasoning and intuitive reactions. In contrast, reinforcement learning policies are typically encoded in either opaque systems like neural networks or symbolic systems that rely on predefined symbols and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hikaru Shindo , Quentin Delfosse , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

We present Gradient Boosting Reinforcement Learning (GBRL), a framework that adapts the strengths of gradient boosting trees (GBT) to reinforcement learning (RL) tasks. While neural networks (NNs) have become the de facto choice for RL,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Benjamin Fuhrer , Chen Tessler , Gal Dalal

End-to-end reinforcement learning agents learn a state representation and a policy at the same time. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been trained successfully as reinforcement learning agents in settings like dialogue that require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Layla El Asri , Adam Trischler

Generalization in deep reinforcement learning over unseen environment variations usually requires policy learning over a large set of diverse training variations. We empirically observe that an agent trained on many variations (a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Zhiwei Jia , Xuanlin Li , Zhan Ling , Shuang Liu , Yiran Wu , Hao Su

Generalized planning is concerned with the computation of general policies that solve multiple instances of a planning domain all at once. It has been recently shown that these policies can be computed in two steps: first, a suitable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Guillem Francès , Blai Bonet , Hector Geffner

Direct policy search serves as one of the workhorses in modern reinforcement learning (RL), and its applications in continuous control tasks have recently attracted increasing attention. In this work, we investigate the convergence theory…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-03 Kaiqing Zhang , Xiangyuan Zhang , Bin Hu , Tamer Başar

Combinatorial optimization problem (COP) over graphs is a fundamental challenge in optimization. Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently emerged as a new framework to tackle these problems and has demonstrated promising results. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Fan Yao , Renqin Cai , Hongning Wang

Reinforcement learning policies are typically represented by black-box neural networks, which are non-interpretable and not well-suited for safety-critical domains. To address both of these issues, we propose constrained normalizing flow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Finn Rietz , Erik Schaffernicht , Stefan Heinrich , Johannes A. Stork

Neural Algorithmic Reasoning (NAR) is a paradigm that trains neural networks to execute classic algorithms by supervised learning. Despite its successes, important limitations remain: inability to construct valid solutions without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Alex Schutz , Victor-Alexandru Darvariu , Efimia Panagiotaki , Bruno Lacerda , Nick Hawes

Reinforcement learning (RL) involves sequential decision making in uncertain environments. The aim of the decision-making agent is to maximize the benefit of acting in its environment over an extended period of time. Finding an optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Istvan Szita , Balint Takacs , Andras Lorincz

While bigger and deeper neural network architectures continue to advance the state-of-the-art for many computer vision tasks, real-world adoption of these networks is impeded by hardware and speed constraints. Conventional model compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Anubhav Ashok , Nicholas Rhinehart , Fares Beainy , Kris M. Kitani