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General Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in reasoning, but those enhanced for translation struggle with reasoning tasks. To address this, we propose a novel translationenhanced recipe that begins with instruct models and applies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Changjiang Gao , Zixian Huang , Jingyang Gong , Shujian Huang , Lei Li , Fei Yuan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a variety of software engineering and coding tasks. However, their application in the domain of code and compiler optimization remains underexplored. Training…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Chris Cummins , Volker Seeker , Dejan Grubisic , Baptiste Roziere , Jonas Gehring , Gabriel Synnaeve , Hugh Leather

This paper presents our system for the MLC-SLM Challenge 2025, focusing on multilingual speech recognition and language modeling with large language models (LLMs). Our approach combines a fine-tuned Whisper-large-v3 encoder with efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Tuan Nguyen , Long-Vu Hoang , Huy-Dat Tran

Artificially intelligent (AI) co-scientists must be able to sift through research literature cost-efficiently while applying nuanced scientific reasoning. We evaluate Small Language Models (SLMs, <= 8B parameters) for classifying medical…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Muhammed Muaaz Dawood , Mohammad Zaid Moonsamy , Kaela Kokkas , Hairong Wang , Robert F. Breiman , Richard Klein , Emmanuel K. Sekyi , Bruce A. Bassett

Large language models deliver strong reasoning and tool-use skills, yet their computational demands make them impractical for edge or cost-sensitive deployments. We present \textbf{Xmodel-2.5}, a 1.3-billion-parameter small language model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yang Liu , Xiaolong Zhong , Ling Jiang

Current compiler optimization reports often present complex, technical information that is difficult for programmers to interpret and act upon effectively. This paper assesses the capability of large language models (LLM) to understand…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Peter Pirkelbauer , Chunhua Liao

We explore the novel application of Large Language Models to code optimization. We present a 7B-parameter transformer model trained from scratch to optimize LLVM assembly for code size. The model takes as input unoptimized assembly and…

Small language models (SLMs; 1-12B params, sometimes up to 20B) are sufficient and often superior for agentic workloads where the objective is schema- and API-constrained accuracy rather than open-ended generation. We synthesize recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Raghav Sharma , Manan Mehta

System logs are crucial for monitoring and diagnosing modern computing infrastructure, but their scale and complexity require reliable and efficient automated interpretation. Since severity levels are predefined metadata in system log…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yahya Masri , Emily Ma , Zifu Wang , Joseph Rogers , Chaowei Yang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are undergoing rapid progress and represent the frontier of AI development. However, their training and inference efficiency have emerged as a core bottleneck in making MLLMs more accessible and…

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems are powered by foundation models. This paper presents a new set of foundation models, called Llama 3. It is a herd of language models that natively support multilinguality, coding, reasoning, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Aaron Grattafiori , Abhimanyu Dubey , Abhinav Jauhri , Abhinav Pandey , Abhishek Kadian , Ahmad Al-Dahle , Aiesha Letman , Akhil Mathur , Alan Schelten , Alex Vaughan , Amy Yang , Angela Fan , Anirudh Goyal , Anthony Hartshorn , Aobo Yang , Archi Mitra , Archie Sravankumar , Artem Korenev , Arthur Hinsvark , Arun Rao , Aston Zhang , Aurelien Rodriguez , Austen Gregerson , Ava Spataru , Baptiste Roziere , Bethany Biron , Binh Tang , Bobbie Chern , Charlotte Caucheteux , Chaya Nayak , Chloe Bi , Chris Marra , Chris McConnell , Christian Keller , Christophe Touret , Chunyang Wu , Corinne Wong , Cristian Canton Ferrer , Cyrus Nikolaidis , Damien Allonsius , Daniel Song , Danielle Pintz , Danny Livshits , Danny Wyatt , David Esiobu , Dhruv Choudhary , Dhruv Mahajan , Diego Garcia-Olano , Diego Perino , Dieuwke Hupkes , Egor Lakomkin , Ehab AlBadawy , Elina Lobanova , Emily Dinan , Eric Michael Smith , Filip Radenovic , Francisco Guzmán , Frank Zhang , Gabriel Synnaeve , Gabrielle Lee , Georgia Lewis Anderson , Govind Thattai , Graeme Nail , Gregoire Mialon , Guan Pang , Guillem Cucurell , Hailey Nguyen , Hannah Korevaar , Hu Xu , Hugo Touvron , Iliyan Zarov , Imanol Arrieta Ibarra , Isabel Kloumann , Ishan Misra , Ivan Evtimov , Jack Zhang , Jade Copet , Jaewon Lee , Jan Geffert , Jana Vranes , Jason Park , Jay Mahadeokar , Jeet Shah , Jelmer van der Linde , Jennifer Billock , Jenny Hong , Jenya Lee , Jeremy Fu , Jianfeng Chi , Jianyu Huang , Jiawen Liu , Jie Wang , Jiecao Yu , Joanna Bitton , Joe Spisak , Jongsoo Park , Joseph Rocca , Joshua Johnstun , Joshua Saxe , Junteng Jia , Kalyan Vasuden Alwala , Karthik Prasad , Kartikeya Upasani , Kate Plawiak , Ke Li , Kenneth Heafield , Kevin Stone , Khalid El-Arini , Krithika Iyer , Kshitiz Malik , Kuenley Chiu , Kunal Bhalla , Kushal Lakhotia , Lauren Rantala-Yeary , Laurens van der Maaten , Lawrence Chen , Liang Tan , Liz Jenkins , Louis Martin , Lovish Madaan , Lubo Malo , Lukas Blecher , Lukas Landzaat , Luke de Oliveira , Madeline Muzzi , Mahesh Pasupuleti , Mannat Singh , Manohar Paluri , Marcin Kardas , Maria Tsimpoukelli , Mathew Oldham , Mathieu Rita , Maya Pavlova , Melanie Kambadur , Mike Lewis , Min Si , Mitesh Kumar Singh , Mona Hassan , Naman Goyal , Narjes Torabi , Nikolay Bashlykov , Nikolay Bogoychev , Niladri Chatterji , Ning Zhang , Olivier Duchenne , Onur Çelebi , Patrick Alrassy , Pengchuan Zhang , Pengwei Li , Petar Vasic , Peter Weng , Prajjwal Bhargava , Pratik Dubal , Praveen Krishnan , Punit Singh Koura , Puxin Xu , Qing He , Qingxiao Dong , Ragavan Srinivasan , Raj Ganapathy , Ramon Calderer , Ricardo Silveira Cabral , Robert Stojnic , Roberta Raileanu , Rohan Maheswari , Rohit Girdhar , Rohit Patel , Romain Sauvestre , Ronnie Polidoro , Roshan Sumbaly , Ross Taylor , Ruan Silva , Rui Hou , Rui Wang , Saghar Hosseini , Sahana Chennabasappa , Sanjay Singh , Sean Bell , Seohyun Sonia Kim , Sergey Edunov , Shaoliang Nie , Sharan Narang , Sharath Raparthy , Sheng Shen , Shengye Wan , Shruti Bhosale , Shun Zhang , Simon Vandenhende , Soumya Batra , Spencer Whitman , Sten Sootla , Stephane Collot , Suchin Gururangan , Sydney Borodinsky , Tamar Herman , Tara Fowler , Tarek Sheasha , Thomas Georgiou , Thomas Scialom , Tobias Speckbacher , Todor Mihaylov , Tong Xiao , Ujjwal Karn , Vedanuj Goswami , Vibhor Gupta , Vignesh Ramanathan , Viktor Kerkez , Vincent Gonguet , Virginie Do , Vish Vogeti , Vítor Albiero , Vladan Petrovic , Weiwei Chu , Wenhan Xiong , Wenyin Fu , Whitney Meers , Xavier Martinet , Xiaodong Wang , Xiaofang Wang , Xiaoqing Ellen Tan , Xide Xia , Xinfeng Xie , Xuchao Jia , Xuewei Wang , Yaelle Goldschlag , Yashesh Gaur , Yasmine Babaei , Yi Wen , Yiwen Song , Yuchen Zhang , Yue Li , Yuning Mao , Zacharie Delpierre Coudert , Zheng Yan , Zhengxing Chen , Zoe Papakipos , Aaditya Singh , Aayushi Srivastava , Abha Jain , Adam Kelsey , Adam Shajnfeld , Adithya Gangidi , Adolfo Victoria , Ahuva Goldstand , Ajay Menon , Ajay Sharma , Alex Boesenberg , Alexei Baevski , Allie Feinstein , Amanda Kallet , Amit Sangani , Amos Teo , Anam Yunus , Andrei Lupu , Andres Alvarado , Andrew Caples , Andrew Gu , Andrew Ho , Andrew Poulton , Andrew Ryan , Ankit Ramchandani , Annie Dong , Annie Franco , Anuj Goyal , Aparajita Saraf , Arkabandhu Chowdhury , Ashley Gabriel , Ashwin Bharambe , Assaf Eisenman , Azadeh Yazdan , Beau James , Ben Maurer , Benjamin Leonhardi , Bernie Huang , Beth Loyd , Beto De Paola , Bhargavi Paranjape , Bing Liu , Bo Wu , Boyu Ni , Braden Hancock , Bram Wasti , Brandon Spence , Brani Stojkovic , Brian Gamido , Britt Montalvo , Carl Parker , Carly Burton , Catalina Mejia , Ce Liu , Changhan Wang , Changkyu Kim , Chao Zhou , Chester Hu , Ching-Hsiang Chu , Chris Cai , Chris Tindal , Christoph Feichtenhofer , Cynthia Gao , Damon Civin , Dana Beaty , Daniel Kreymer , Daniel Li , David Adkins , David Xu , Davide Testuggine , Delia David , Devi Parikh , Diana Liskovich , Didem Foss , Dingkang Wang , Duc Le , Dustin Holland , Edward Dowling , Eissa Jamil , Elaine Montgomery , Eleonora Presani , Emily Hahn , Emily Wood , Eric-Tuan Le , Erik Brinkman , Esteban Arcaute , Evan Dunbar , Evan Smothers , Fei Sun , Felix Kreuk , Feng Tian , Filippos Kokkinos , Firat Ozgenel , Francesco Caggioni , Frank Kanayet , Frank Seide , Gabriela Medina Florez , Gabriella Schwarz , Gada Badeer , Georgia Swee , Gil Halpern , Grant Herman , Grigory Sizov , Guangyi , Zhang , Guna Lakshminarayanan , Hakan Inan , Hamid Shojanazeri , Han Zou , Hannah Wang , Hanwen Zha , Haroun Habeeb , Harrison Rudolph , Helen Suk , Henry Aspegren , Hunter Goldman , Hongyuan Zhan , Ibrahim Damlaj , Igor Molybog , Igor Tufanov , Ilias Leontiadis , Irina-Elena Veliche , Itai Gat , Jake Weissman , James Geboski , James Kohli , Janice Lam , Japhet Asher , Jean-Baptiste Gaya , Jeff Marcus , Jeff Tang , Jennifer Chan , Jenny Zhen , Jeremy Reizenstein , Jeremy Teboul , Jessica Zhong , Jian Jin , Jingyi Yang , Joe Cummings , Jon Carvill , Jon Shepard , Jonathan McPhie , Jonathan Torres , Josh Ginsburg , Junjie Wang , Kai Wu , Kam Hou U , Karan Saxena , Kartikay Khandelwal , Katayoun Zand , Kathy Matosich , Kaushik Veeraraghavan , Kelly Michelena , Keqian Li , Kiran Jagadeesh , Kun Huang , Kunal Chawla , Kyle Huang , Lailin Chen , Lakshya Garg , Lavender A , Leandro Silva , Lee Bell , Lei Zhang , Liangpeng Guo , Licheng Yu , Liron Moshkovich , Luca Wehrstedt , Madian Khabsa , Manav Avalani , Manish Bhatt , Martynas Mankus , Matan Hasson , Matthew Lennie , Matthias Reso , Maxim Groshev , Maxim Naumov , Maya Lathi , Meghan Keneally , Miao Liu , Michael L. Seltzer , Michal Valko , Michelle Restrepo , Mihir Patel , Mik Vyatskov , Mikayel Samvelyan , Mike Clark , Mike Macey , Mike Wang , Miquel Jubert Hermoso , Mo Metanat , Mohammad Rastegari , Munish Bansal , Nandhini Santhanam , Natascha Parks , Natasha White , Navyata Bawa , Nayan Singhal , Nick Egebo , Nicolas Usunier , Nikhil Mehta , Nikolay Pavlovich Laptev , Ning Dong , Norman Cheng , Oleg Chernoguz , Olivia Hart , Omkar Salpekar , Ozlem Kalinli , Parkin Kent , Parth Parekh , Paul Saab , Pavan Balaji , Pedro Rittner , Philip Bontrager , Pierre Roux , Piotr Dollar , Polina Zvyagina , Prashant Ratanchandani , Pritish Yuvraj , Qian Liang , Rachad Alao , Rachel Rodriguez , Rafi Ayub , Raghotham Murthy , Raghu Nayani , Rahul Mitra , Rangaprabhu Parthasarathy , Raymond Li , Rebekkah Hogan , Robin Battey , Rocky Wang , Russ Howes , Ruty Rinott , Sachin Mehta , Sachin Siby , Sai Jayesh Bondu , Samyak Datta , Sara Chugh , Sara Hunt , Sargun Dhillon , Sasha Sidorov , Satadru Pan , Saurabh Mahajan , Saurabh Verma , Seiji Yamamoto , Sharadh Ramaswamy , Shaun Lindsay , Shaun Lindsay , Sheng Feng , Shenghao Lin , Shengxin Cindy Zha , Shishir Patil , Shiva Shankar , Shuqiang Zhang , Shuqiang Zhang , Sinong Wang , Sneha Agarwal , Soji Sajuyigbe , Soumith Chintala , Stephanie Max , Stephen Chen , Steve Kehoe , Steve Satterfield , Sudarshan Govindaprasad , Sumit Gupta , Summer Deng , Sungmin Cho , Sunny Virk , Suraj Subramanian , Sy Choudhury , Sydney Goldman , Tal Remez , Tamar Glaser , Tamara Best , Thilo Koehler , Thomas Robinson , Tianhe Li , Tianjun Zhang , Tim Matthews , Timothy Chou , Tzook Shaked , Varun Vontimitta , Victoria Ajayi , Victoria Montanez , Vijai Mohan , Vinay Satish Kumar , Vishal Mangla , Vlad Ionescu , Vlad Poenaru , Vlad Tiberiu Mihailescu , Vladimir Ivanov , Wei Li , Wenchen Wang , Wenwen Jiang , Wes Bouaziz , Will Constable , Xiaocheng Tang , Xiaojian Wu , Xiaolan Wang , Xilun Wu , Xinbo Gao , Yaniv Kleinman , Yanjun Chen , Ye Hu , Ye Jia , Ye Qi , Yenda Li , Yilin Zhang , Ying Zhang , Yossi Adi , Youngjin Nam , Yu , Wang , Yu Zhao , Yuchen Hao , Yundi Qian , Yunlu Li , Yuzi He , Zach Rait , Zachary DeVito , Zef Rosnbrick , Zhaoduo Wen , Zhenyu Yang , Zhiwei Zhao , Zhiyu Ma

A Retrieval-Augmented Language Model (RALM) combines a large language model (LLM) with a vector database to retrieve context-specific knowledge during text generation. This strategy facilitates impressive generation quality even with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Wenqi Jiang , Marco Zeller , Roger Waleffe , Torsten Hoefler , Gustavo Alonso

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at evaluating machine translation (MT), but their scale and cost hinder deployment on edge devices and in privacy-sensitive workflows. We ask: how small can you get while still detecting meaning-altering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Muskaan Chopra , Lorenz Sparrenberg , Sarthak Khanna , Rafet Sifa

The recent advancements of Small Language Models (SLMs) have opened new possibilities for efficient code generation. SLMs offer lightweight and cost-effective alternatives to Large Language Models (LLMs), making them attractive for use in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Mahade Hasan , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Jussi Rasku , Juha Ala-Rantala , Pekka Abrahamsson

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for their reasoning capabilities, yet their ability to perform structured, constraint-based optimization from natural language remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Aasish Kumar Sharma , Julian Kunkel

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for natural language processing tasks, revolutionizing the field with their ability to understand and generate human-like text. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Nikoletta Koilia , Christoforos Kachris

Recently developed large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Llama have demonstrated impressive abilities, and even surpass human-level performance in several tasks. Despite their success, the resource-intensive demands of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jie Wu , Yufeng Zhu , Lei Shen , Xuqing Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently excel in diverse medical Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, yet their substantial computational requirements often limit deployment in real-world healthcare settings. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Pietro Ferrazzi , Mattia Franzin , Alberto Lavelli , Bernardo Magnini

Superoptimization is the task of transforming a program into a faster one while preserving its input-output behavior. In this work, we investigate whether large language models (LLMs) can serve as superoptimizers, generating assembly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Anjiang Wei , Tarun Suresh , Huanmi Tan , Yinglun Xu , Gagandeep Singh , Ke Wang , Alex Aiken

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities in machine translation. However, their translation quality is sometimes questioned, as the generated outputs may deviate from expressions typically used by native…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Ke-Ching Chang , Chung-Chi Chen , An-Zi Yen
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