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Large language models have achieved remarkable success on final-answer mathematical problems, largely due to the ease of applying reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. However, the reasoning underlying these solutions is often…

Recently, scaling test-time compute on Large Language Models (LLM) has garnered wide attention. However, there has been limited investigation of how various reasoning prompting strategies perform as scaling. In this paper, we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yexiang Liu , Zekun Li , Zhi Fang , Nan Xu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) poses a significant challenge to existing mathematical reasoning benchmarks. However, these benchmarks tend to become easier over time as LLMs can learn from the published benchmarks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Shengbo Wang , Mingwei Liu , Zike Li , Anji Li , Yanlin Wang , Xin Peng , Zibin Zheng

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced the ability of LLM-based systems to perform complex tasks through natural language processing and tool interaction. However, optimizing these LLM-based systems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Peiyan Zhang , Haibo Jin , Leyang Hu , Xinnuo Li , Liying Kang , Man Luo , Yangqiu Song , Haohan Wang

Recent advancements have highlighted that large language models (LLMs), when given a small set of task-specific examples, demonstrate remarkable proficiency, a capability that extends to complex reasoning tasks. In particular, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mathurin Videau , Alessandro Leite , Marc Schoenauer , Olivier Teytaud

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited an impressive capability to perform reasoning tasks, especially if they are encouraged to generate a sequence of intermediate steps. Reasoning performance can be improved by suitably combining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Soumyasundar Pal , Didier Chételat , Yingxue Zhang , Mark Coates

We introduce Learning to Self-Evolve (LSE), a reinforcement learning framework that trains large language models (LLMs) to improve their own contexts at test time. We situate LSE in the setting of test-time self-evolution, where a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xiaoyin Chen , Canwen Xu , Yite Wang , Boyi Liu , Zhewei Yao , Yuxiong He

Scaling model size, training data, and compute power have driven advances in large language models (LLMs), but these approaches are reaching saturation as human-generated text is exhausted and further gains diminish. We propose experience…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Xingkun Yin , Kaibin Huang , Dong In Kim , Hongyang Du

Prompt engineering is a new paradigm for enhancing the performance of trained neural network models. For optimizing text-style prompts, existing methods usually individually operate small portions of a text step by step, which either breaks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Yujian Betterest Li , Kai Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable capabilities, yet their improvement methods remain fundamentally constrained by human design. We present Self-Developing, a framework that enables LLMs to autonomously discover,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Yoichi Ishibashi , Taro Yano , Masafumi Oyamada

The present and future of evolutionary algorithms depends on the proper use of modern parallel and distributed computing infrastructures. Although still sequential approaches dominate the landscape, available multi-core, many-core and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Francisco Fernández de Vega , Gustavo Olague , Francisco Chávez , Daniel Lanza , Wolfgang Banzhaf , Erik Goodman

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising capabilities for tackling complex reasoning tasks, including optimization problems. However, existing methods either rely on prompt engineering, which leads to poor generalization across problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Dong Li , Xujiang Zhao , Linlin Yu , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Zhengzhang Chen , Zhong Chen , Feng Chen , Chen Zhao , Haifeng Chen

This paper proposes a novel evolutionary algorithm called Epistocracy which incorporates human socio-political behavior and intelligence to solve complex optimization problems. The inspiration of the Epistocracy algorithm originates from a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Seyed Ziae Mousavi Mojab , Seyedmohammad Shams , Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh , Farshad Fotouhi

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling complex combinatorial optimization problems. However, EAs often demand carefully-designed operators with the aid of domain expertise to achieve satisfactory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Shengcai Liu , Caishun Chen , Xinghua Qu , Ke Tang , Yew-Soon Ong

The rapid evolution of e-commerce has exposed the limitations of traditional product retrieval systems in managing complex, multi-turn user interactions. Recent advances in multimodal generative retrieval -- particularly those leveraging…

Evolutionary Robotics offers the possibility to design robots to solve a specific task automatically by optimizing their morphology and control together. However, this co-optimization of body and control is challenging, because controllers…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-08 K. Ege de Bruin , Kyrre Glette , Kai Olav Ellefsen

While combining large language models (LLMs) with evolutionary algorithms (EAs) shows promise for solving complex optimization problems, current approaches typically evolve individual solutions, often incurring high LLM call costs. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yi Zhai , Zhiqiang Wei , Ruohan Li , Keyu Pan , Shuo Liu , Lu Zhang , Jianmin Ji , Wuyang Zhang , Yu Zhang , Yanyong Zhang

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable advancements, with the test-time scaling law consistently enhancing the reasoning capabilities. Through systematic evaluation and exploration of a diverse spectrum of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Chenyang Shao , Sijian Ren , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

A new model for evolving Evolutionary Algorithms is proposed in this paper. The model is based on the Linear Genetic Programming (LGP) technique. Every LGP chromosome encodes an EA which is used for solving a particular problem. Several…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Mihai Oltean

Inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing approaches often rely on heuristic strategies for parallel sampling, lacking a principled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Youkang Wang , Jian Wang , Rubing Chen , Xiao-Yong Wei