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We propose ss-Mamba, a novel foundation model that enhances time series forecasting by integrating semantic-aware embeddings and adaptive spline-based temporal encoding within a selective state-space modeling framework. Building upon the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Zuochen Ye

State space models (SSM) have recently been shown to be very effective as a deep learning layer as a promising alternative to sequence models such as RNNs, CNNs, or Transformers. The first version to show this potential was the S4 model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Albert Gu , Ankit Gupta , Karan Goel , Christopher Ré

Recent advances in sequence modeling have introduced selective SSMs as promising alternatives to Transformer architectures, offering theoretical computational efficiency and sequence processing advantages. A comprehensive understanding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Abdullah Al Asif , Mobina Kashaniyan , Sixing Yu , Juan Pablo Muñoz , Ali Jannesari

State Space Models (SSMs) have recently enjoyed a rise to prominence in the field of deep learning for sequence modeling, especially as an alternative to Transformers. Their success stems from avoiding two well-known drawbacks of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Stefano Rando , Luca Romani , Matteo Migliarini , Luca Franco , Denis Gudovskiy , Fabio Galasso

State space models (SSMs), such as Mamba, have emerged as an efficient alternative to transformers for long-context sequence modeling. However, despite their growing adoption, SSMs lack the interpretability tools that have been crucial for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Hugo Pitorro , Marcos Treviso

State-space models (SSMs) face a fundamental trade-off between efficiency and expressivity that is mainly dictated by the structure of the model's transition matrix. Unstructured transition matrices enable maximal expressivity, as measured…

Probabilistic State Space Models (SSMs) are essential for Reinforcement Learning (RL) from high-dimensional, partial information as they provide concise representations for control. Yet, they lack the computational efficiency of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Philipp Becker , Niklas Freymuth , Gerhard Neumann

In the post-deep learning era, the Transformer architecture has demonstrated its powerful performance across pre-trained big models and various downstream tasks. However, the enormous computational demands of this architecture have deterred…

State-space models (SSMs), exemplified by the Mamba architecture, have recently emerged as state-of-the-art sequence-modeling frameworks, offering linear-time scalability together with strong performance in long-context settings. Owing to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Sanjay Das , Swastik Bhattacharya , Shamik Kundu , Arnab Raha , Souvik Kundu , Kanad Basu

Large language models (LLMs) face a daunting challenge due to the excessive computational and memory requirements of the commonly used Transformer architecture. While state space model (SSM) is a new type of foundational network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Wei He , Kai Han , Yehui Tang , Chengcheng Wang , Yujie Yang , Tianyu Guo , Yunhe Wang

Recently, state space models (SSM), particularly Mamba, have attracted significant attention from scholars due to their ability to effectively balance computational efficiency and performance. However, most existing visual Mamba methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Leiye Liu , Miao Zhang , Jihao Yin , Tingwei Liu , Wei Ji , Yongri Piao , Huchuan Lu

Global effective receptive field plays a crucial role for image style transfer (ST) to obtain high-quality stylized results. However, existing ST backbones (e.g., CNNs and Transformers) suffer huge computational complexity to achieve global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Hongda Liu , Longguang Wang , Ye Zhang , Ziru Yu , Yulan Guo

Modeling long-range dependencies in sequential data is a crucial step in sequence learning. A recently developed model, the Structured State Space (S4), demonstrated significant effectiveness in modeling long-range sequences. However, It is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Jiqun Chu , Zuoquan Lin

The Transformer architecture has shown a remarkable ability in modeling global relationships. However, it poses a significant computational challenge when processing high-dimensional medical images. This hinders its development and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Zhaohu Xing , Tian Ye , Yijun Yang , Guang Liu , Lei Zhu

Continuous-time state-space models (SSMs) are flexible tools for analysing irregularly sampled sequential observations that are driven by an underlying state process. Corresponding applications typically involve restrictive assumptions…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-29 Sina Mews , Roland Langrock , Marius Ötting , Houda Yaqine , Jost Reinecke

Structured state-space models (SSMs) have recently emerged as a powerful architecture at the intersection of machine learning and control, featuring layers composed of discrete-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems followed by pointwise…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Leonardo Massai , Muhammad Zakwan , Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate

Modeling multivariate time series is a well-established problem with a wide range of applications from healthcare to financial markets. Traditional State Space Models (SSMs) are classical approaches for univariate time series modeling due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ali Behrouz , Michele Santacatterina , Ramin Zabih

Models using structured state space sequence (S4) layers have achieved state-of-the-art performance on long-range sequence modeling tasks. An S4 layer combines linear state space models (SSMs), the HiPPO framework, and deep learning to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Jimmy T. H. Smith , Andrew Warrington , Scott W. Linderman

Recently, recurrent models based on linear state space models (SSMs) have shown promising performance in language modeling (LM), competititve with transformers. However, there is little understanding of the in-principle abilities of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Yash Sarrof , Yana Veitsman , Michael Hahn

State-space models (SSMs), particularly the Mamba architecture, have emerged as powerful alternatives to Transformers for sequence modeling, offering linear-time complexity and competitive performance across diverse tasks. However, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ibne Farabi Shihab , Sanjeda Akter , Anuj Sharma