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Quantum federated learning (QFL) is emerging as a key enabler for intelligent, secure, and privacy-preserving model training in next-generation 6G networks. By leveraging the computational advantages of quantum devices, QFL offers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Dinh C. Nguyen , Md Bokhtiar Al Zami , Ratun Rahman , Shaba Shaon , Tuy Tan Nguyen , Fatemeh Afghah

6G networks will require quantum-secure cryptography deployed across core infrastructure, edge nodes, resource-constrained IoT devices. Although post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms have been standardized by NIST, their practical…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ananya Kudaloor , Adnan Aijaz

When a user sends a message over a wireless network, the message does not travel as-is. It is encrypted, authenticated, encapsulated, and transformed as it descends the protocol stack from the application layer to the physical medium. Each…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ashish Kundu , Vishal Chakraborty , Ramana Kompella

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most widely studied quantum cryptographic model that exploits quantum effects to achieve information-theoretically secure key establishment. Conventional QKD contains public classical post-processing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-07 Zixuan Hu , Zhenyu Li

We present an overview of quantum key distribution (QKD), a secure key exchange method based on the quantum laws of physics rather than computational complexity. We also provide an overview of the two most widely used commodity security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-07-15 Alan Mink , Sheila Frankel , Ray Perlner

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security by leveraging quantum mechanics, yet the cost and complexity of dedicated hardware and fiber infrastructure have so far limited large-scale deployment and experimentation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Blanca Lopez , Angela Diaz-Bricio , Javier Perez , Ivan Vidal , Francisco Valera

The advent of quantum computing poses significant threats to classical public-key cryptographic primitives such as RSA and elliptic-curve cryptography. As many critical network and security protocols depend on these primitives for key…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Tushin Mallick , Ashish Kundu , Ramana Kompella

Cross-chain bridges are used to facilitate token and data exchanges across blockchains. Although bridges are becoming increasingly popular, they are still in their infancy and have been attacked multiple times recently, causing significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Mengya Zhang , Xiaokuan Zhang , Josh Barbee , Yinqian Zhang , Zhiqiang Lin

The security issues facing quantum key distribution (QKD) are explained, herein focusing on those issues that are cryptographic and information theoretic in nature and not those based on physics. The problem of security criteria is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-25 Horace Yuen

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a leading technology for enabling information-theoretic secure communication, with protocols such as BB84 and its variants already deployed in practical field implementations. As QKD evolves from…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been developed for decades and several different QKD protocols have been proposed. But two difficulties limit the implementation of most QKD protocols. First, the involved participants are required to have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-04 Jun Gu , Tzonelih Hwang

Communication security has to evolve to a higher plane in the face of the threat from the massive computing power of the emerging quantum computers. Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) constitutes a promising branch of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Dong Pan , Gui-Lu Long , Liuguo Yin , Yu-Bo Sheng , Dong Ruan , Soon Xin Ng , Jianhua Lu , Lajos Hanzo

Electronic voting systems face growing risks from cyberattacks and data breaches, which are expected to intensify with the advent of quantum computing. To address these challenges, we introduce a quantum-secure voting framework that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Taha M. Mahmoud , Naima Kaabouch

The security of future large-scale IoT networks is critically threatened by the ``Harvest Now, Decrypt Later'' (HNDL) attack paradigm. Securing the massive, long-lived data streams from these systems requires protocols that are both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Nilesh Vyas , Konstantin Baier

The current blockchain system for cryptocurrency exchanges primarily employs elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for generating key pairs in wallets, and elliptic curve digital signature algorithms (ECDSA) for generating signatures in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Abel C. H. Chen

Quantum computing is an emerging computing paradigm that can potentially transform several application areas by solving some of the intractable problems from classical domain. Similar to classical computing systems, quantum computing stack…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-14 Swaroop Ghosh , Suryansh Upadhyay , Abdullah Ash Saki

Technological advancements of Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Techniques (DLTs) promise to provide significant advantages to applications seeking transparency, redundancy, and accountability. Actual adoption of these emerging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Nivedita Dey , Mrityunjay Ghosh , Amlan Chakrabarti

Cross-Chain bridges have become the most popular solution to support asset interoperability between heterogeneous blockchains. However, while providing efficient and flexible cross-chain asset transfer, the complex workflow involving both…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Jiashuo Zhang , Jianbo Gao , Yue Li , Ziming Chen , Zhi Guan , Zhong Chen

With the growing complexity of quantum key distribution (QKD) network structures, aforehand topology design is of great significance to support a large-number of nodes over a large-spatial area. However, the exclusivity of quantum channels,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Ya-Xing Wang , Qiong Li , Hao-Kun Mao , Qi Han , Fu-Rong Huang , Hong-Wei Xu

Quantum protocols such as the BB84 Quantum Key Distribution protocol exchange qubits to achieve information-theoretic security guarantees. Many variants thereof were proposed, some of them being already deployed. Existing security proofs in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Lucca Hirschi