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Encrypted AI using fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) provides strong privacy guarantees; but its slow performance has limited practical deployment. Recent works proposed ASICs to accelerate FHE, but require expensive advanced manufacturing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Siddharth Jayashankar , Joshua Kim , Michael B. Sullivan , Wenting Zheng , Dimitrios Skarlatos

Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables the secure offloading of computations to the cloud by providing computation on encrypted data (ciphertexts). HE is based on noisy encryption schemes in which noise accumulates as more computations are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Sangpyo Kim , Jongmin Kim , Michael Jaemin Kim , Wonkyung Jung , Minsoo Rhu , John Kim , Jung Ho Ahn

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a set of powerful cryptographic schemes that allows computation to be performed directly on encrypted data with an unlimited depth. Despite FHE's promising in privacy-preserving computing, yet in most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yi Huang , Xinsheng Gong , Xiangyu Kong , Dibei Chen , Jianfeng Zhu , Wenping Zhu , Liangwei Li , Mingyu Gao , Shaojun Wei , Aoyang Zhang , Leibo Liu

With the rapid advancement of AI technology, we have seen more and more concerns on data privacy, leading to some cutting-edge research on machine learning with encrypted computation. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a crucial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Longfei Guo , Pengbo Li , Ting Gao , Yonghai Zhong , Haojie Fan , Jinqiao Duan

The rapid growth of cloud computing and data-driven applications has amplified privacy concerns, driven by the increasing demand to process sensitive data securely. Homomorphic encryption (HE) has become a vital solution for addressing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Faneela , Jawad Ahmad , Baraq Ghaleb , Sana Ullah Jan , William J. Buchanan

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a privacy-preserving technique that enables computation directly over ciphertext. Unfortunately, a key challenge for HE is that implementations can be impractically slow and have limits on computation that can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Hsuan Hsiao , Vincent Lee , Brandon Reagen , Armin Alaghi

This paper presents TT-TFHE, a deep neural network Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) framework that effectively scales Torus FHE (TFHE) usage to tabular and image datasets using a recent family of convolutional neural networks called…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Adrien Benamira , Tristan Guérand , Thomas Peyrin , Sayandeep Saha

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables privacy-preserving computation and has many applications. However, its practical implementation faces massive computation and memory overheads. To address this bottleneck, several…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Aikata Aikata , Ahmet Can Mert , Sunmin Kwon , Maxim Deryabin , Sujoy Sinha Roy

Secure computation is of critical importance to not only the DoD, but across financial institutions, healthcare, and anywhere personally identifiable information (PII) is accessed. Traditional security techniques require data to be…

Homomorphic encryption (HE) allows direct computations on encrypted data. Despite numerous research efforts, the practicality of HE schemes remains to be demonstrated. In this regard, the enormous size of ciphertexts involved in HE…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Dayane Reis , Jonathan Takeshita , Taeho Jung , Michael Niemier , Xiaobo Sharon Hu

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables privacy-preserving Transformer inference, but long-sequence encrypted Transformers quickly exceed single-GPU memory capacity because encoded weights are already large and encrypted activations grow…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zhaoting Gong , Ran Ran , Fan Yao , Wujie Wen

The dramatic increase of data breaches in modern computing platforms has emphasized that access control is not sufficient to protect sensitive user data. Recent advances in cryptography allow end-to-end processing of encrypted data without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Eduardo Chielle , Oleg Mazonka , Homer Gamil , Michail Maniatakos

Computations can be directly carried out over ciphertexts using homomorphic encryption (HE), which is indispensable for privacy-preserving cloud computing. Linear transformation is widely used in neural networks, including large language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sajjad Akherati , Xinmiao Zhang

Machine learning on encrypted data can address the concerns related to privacy and legality of sharing sensitive data with untrustworthy service providers. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a promising technique to enable machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Nayna Jain , Karthik Nandakumar , Nalini Ratha , Sharath Pankanti , Uttam Kumar

With the expansion of cloud services, serious concerns about the privacy of users' data arise due to the exposure of the unencrypted data to the server during computation. Various security primitives are under investigation to preserve…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Zhehong Wang , Dennis Sylvester , Hun-Seok Kim , David Blaauw

Machine learning (ML) systems that guarantee security and privacy often rely on Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) as a cornerstone technique, enabling computations on encrypted data without exposing sensitive information. However, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Dongfang Zhao

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) protects data privacy in cloud computing by enabling computations to directly occur on ciphertexts. To improve the time-consuming FHE operations, we present an electro-optical (EO) FHE accelerator,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Mengxin Zheng , Qian Lou , Fan Chen , Lei Jiang , Yongxin Zhu

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) imposes substantial memory bandwidth demands, presenting significant challenges for efficient hardware acceleration. Near-memory Processing (NMP) has emerged as a promising architectural solution to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Shangyi Shi , Husheng Han , Jianan Mu , Xinyao Zheng , Ling Liang , Hang Lu , Zidong Du , Xiaowei Li , Xing Hu , Qi Guo

The increasing amount of data and the growing complexity of problems has resulted in an ever-growing reliance on cloud computing. However, many applications, most notably in healthcare, finance or defense, demand security and privacy which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Saransh Gupta , Rosario Cammarota , Tajana Rosing

The migration of computation to the cloud has raised concerns regarding the security and privacy of sensitive data, as their need to be decrypted before processing, renders them susceptible to potential breaches. Fully Homomorphic…