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Self-awareness, i.e., the ability to assess and correct one's own generation, is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence, making its replication in large language models (LLMs) an important yet challenging task. Previous works tackle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Hyunseok Lee , Seunghyuk Oh , Jaehyung Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Jihoon Tack

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven effective for training large language models (LLMs) on complex reasoning tasks, such as mathematical problem solving. A prerequisite for the scalability of RLVR is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Xiao Liang , Zhong-Zhi Li , Yeyun Gong , Yang Wang , Hengyuan Zhang , Yelong Shen , Ying Nian Wu , Weizhu Chen

When delegating computation to a service provider, as in cloud computing, we seek some reassurance that the output is correct and complete. Yet recomputing the output as a check is inefficient and expensive, and it may not even be feasible…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Graham Cormode , Michael Mitzenmacher , Justin Thaler

In mathematical proof education, there remains a need for interventions that help students learn to write mathematical proofs. Research has shown that timely feedback can be very helpful to students learning new skills. While for many years…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Chenyan Zhao , Mariana Silva , Seth Poulsen

Auto-active verifiers provide a level of automation intermediate between fully automatic and interactive: users supply code with annotations as input while benefiting from a high level of automation in the back-end. This paper presents…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-09-01 Julian Tschannen , Carlo A. Furia , Martin Nordio , Nadia Polikarpova

Self-play preference optimization has emerged as a prominent paradigm for aligning large language models (LLMs). It typically involves a language model to generate on-policy responses for prompts and a reward model (RM) to guide the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yao Xiao , Jung-jae Kim , Roy Ka-wei Lee , Lidong Bing

In deductive verification and software model checking, dealing with certain specification language constructs can be problematic when the back-end solver is not sufficiently powerful or lacks the required theories. One way to deal with this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Jesper Amilon , Zafer Esen , Dilian Gurov , Christian Lidström , Philipp Rümmer , Marten Voorberg

Automated feedback generation for introductory programming assignments is useful for programming education. Most works try to generate feedback to correct a student program by comparing its behavior with an instructor's reference program on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Umair Z. Ahmed , Zhiyu Fan , Jooyong Yi , Omar I. Al-Bataineh , Abhik Roychoudhury

There are many benefits in providing formal specifications for our software. However, teaching students to do this is not always easy as courses on formal methods are often experienced as dry by students. This paper presents a game called…

Software Engineering is an applied discipline and concepts are difficult to grasp only at a theoretical level alone. In the context of a project management course, we introduced and evaluated the use of software process simulation (SPS)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Nauman bin Ali , Michael Unterkalmsteiner

Formal verification using interactive theorem provers ensures high-quality software. However, writing proof scripts for interactive theorem provers is labor-intensive and requires deep expertise. Recent studies have leveraged deep learning…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Manqing Zhang , Yunwei Dong , Lingru Zhou , Bingxu Xiao , Yepang Liu

Game designers use human playtesting to gather feedback about game design elements when iteratively improving a game. Playtesting, however, is expensive: human testers must be recruited, playtest results must be aggregated and interpreted,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Alexander Zook , Eric Fruchter , Mark O. Riedl

Accurate and robust object pose estimation for robotics applications requires verification and refinement steps. In this work, we propose to integrate hypotheses verification with object pose refinement guided by physics simulation. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Dominik Bauer , Timothy Patten , Markus Vincze

Image scoring is a crucial task in numerous real-world applications. To trust a model's judgment, understanding its rationale is essential. This paper proposes a novel training method for Vision Language Models (VLMs) to generate not only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Naoto Tanji , Toshihiko Yamasaki

The desire to use reinforcement learning in safety-critical settings has inspired a recent interest in formal methods for learning algorithms. Existing formal methods for learning and optimization primarily consider the problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Nathan Fulton , Andre Platzer

This paper presents a novel approach to the design verification of Software Product Lines(SPL). The proposed approach assumes that the requirements and designs are modeled as finite state machines with variability information. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-12-19 Jean-Vivien Millo , S. Ramesh , Shankara Narayanan Krishna , Ganesh Khandu Narwane

In order to properly train a machine learning model, data must be properly collected. To guarantee a proper data collection, verifying that the collected data set holds certain properties is a possible solution. For example, guaranteeing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Jorge López , Maxime Labonne , Claude Poletti

As artificial intelligence (AI) gains greater adoption in a wide variety of applications, it has immense potential to contribute to mathematical discovery, by guiding conjecture generation, constructing counterexamples, assisting in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Hassen Saidi , Susmit Jha , Tuhin Sahai

We build a SAT solver implementing the DPLL algorithm in the verification-enabled programming language Dafny. The resulting solver is fully verified (soundness, completeness and termination are computer checked). We benchmark our Dafny…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Cezar-Constantin Andrici , Ştefan Ciobâcă

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant progress in solving complex reasoning tasks by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). This advancement is also inseparable from the oversight automated by reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Zijian Wu , Lingkai Kong , Wenwei Zhang , Songyang Gao , Yuzhe Gu , Zhongrui Cai , Tianyou Ma , Yuhong Liu , Zhi Wang , Runyuan Ma , Guangyu Wang , Wei Li , Conghui He , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen