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In the field of safe reinforcement learning (RL), finding a balance between satisfying safety constraints and optimizing reward performance presents a significant challenge. A key obstacle in this endeavor is the estimation of safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Zhepeng Cen , Yihang Yao , Zuxin Liu , Ding Zhao

A model used for velocity control during car following was proposed based on deep reinforcement learning (RL). To fulfil the multi-objectives of car following, a reward function reflecting driving safety, efficiency, and comfort was…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Meixin Zhu , Yinhai Wang , Ziyuan Pu , Jingyun Hu , Xuesong Wang , Ruimin Ke

Automated vehicle control using reinforcement learning (RL) has attracted significant attention due to its potential to learn driving policies through environment interaction. However, RL agents often face training challenges in sample…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Zhihao Zhang , Chengyang Peng , Ekim Yurtsever , Keith A. Redmill

Modern approaches to autonomous driving rely heavily on learned components trained with large amounts of human driving data via imitation learning. However, these methods require large amounts of expensive data collection and even then face…

Planning safe trajectories under uncertain and dynamic conditions makes the autonomous driving problem significantly complex. Current sampling-based methods such as Rapidly Exploring Random Trees (RRTs) are not ideal for this problem…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Kaleb Ben Naveed , Zhiqian Qiao , John M. Dolan

When autonomous vehicles are deployed on public roads, they will encounter countless and diverse driving situations. Many manually designed driving policies are difficult to scale to the real world. Fortunately, reinforcement learning has…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Letian Wang , Jie Liu , Hao Shao , Wenshuo Wang , Ruobing Chen , Yu Liu , Steven L. Waslander

Developing and testing automated driving models in the real world might be challenging and even dangerous, while simulation can help with this, especially for challenging maneuvers. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has the potential to…

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising way to achieve human-like autonomous driving. However, the low sample efficiency and difficulty of designing reward functions for DRL would hinder its applications in practice. In light of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Zhiyu Huang , Jingda Wu , Chen Lv

Reinforcement learning has demonstrated significant potential in the field of autonomous driving. However, it suffers from defects such as training instability and unsafe action outputs when faced with autonomous racing environments…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Bo Leng , Weiqi Zhang , Zhuoren Li , Lu Xiong , Guizhe Jin , Ran Yu , Chen Lv

As safety violations can lead to severe consequences in real-world robotic applications, the increasing deployment of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in robotic domains has propelled the study of safe exploration for reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Hanping Zhang , Yuhong Guo

Safe Reinforcement Learning (SafeRL) is the subfield of reinforcement learning that explicitly deals with safety constraints during the learning and deployment of agents. This survey provides a mathematically rigorous overview of SafeRL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Ankita Kushwaha , Kiran Ravish , Preeti Lamba , Pawan Kumar

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently been used for solving challenging decision-making problems in the context of automated driving. However, one of the main drawbacks of the presented RL-based policies is the lack of safety guarantees,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Danial Kamran , Yu Ren , Martin Lauer

Connected and Automated Hybrid Electric Vehicles have the potential to reduce fuel consumption and travel time in real-world driving conditions. The eco-driving problem seeks to design optimal speed and power usage profiles based upon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Zhaoxuan Zhu , Nicola Pivaro , Shobhit Gupta , Abhishek Gupta , Marcello Canova

Reinforcement learning (RL) in the real world necessitates the development of procedures that enable agents to explore without causing harm to themselves or others. The most successful solutions to the problem of safe RL leverage offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Alexander Quessy , Thomas Richardson , Sebastian East

Reinforcement learning (RL) requires skillful definition and remarkable computational efforts to solve optimization and control problems, which could impair its prospect. Introducing human guidance into reinforcement learning is a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Jingda Wu , Zhiyu Huang , Wenhui Huang , Chen Lv

Safe reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved significant success on risk-sensitive tasks and shown promise in autonomous driving (AD) as well. Considering the distinctiveness of this community, efficient and reproducible baselines are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Linrui Zhang , Qin Zhang , Li Shen , Bo Yuan , Xueqian Wang

This paper proposes a safe reinforcement learning (RL) framework based on forward-invariance-induced action-space design. The control problem is cast as a Markov decision process, but instead of relying on runtime shielding or penalty-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Chieh Tsai , Muhammad Junayed Hasan Zahed , Salim Hariri , Hossein Rastgoftar

Autonomous highway driving demands a critical balance between proactive, efficiency-seeking behavior and robust safety guarantees. This paper proposes Language Action-guided Reinforcement Learning (LA-RL) with Safety Guarantees, a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Yiming Shu , Jiahui Xu , Jiwei Tang , Ruiyang Gao , Chen Sun

Real-world reinforcement learning (RL) problems often demand that agents behave safely by obeying a set of designed constraints. We address the challenge of safe RL by coupling a safety guide based on model predictive control (MPC) with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Samuel Pfrommer , Tanmay Gautam , Alec Zhou , Somayeh Sojoudi

In this work, we propose a self-improving artificial intelligence system to enhance the safety performance of reinforcement learning (RL)-based autonomous driving (AD) agents using black-box verification methods. RL algorithms have become…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Resul Dagdanov , Halil Durmus , Nazim Kemal Ure