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This paper presents a novel grid-forming voltage control strategy for a battery energy storage system to maintain balanced three-phase output voltages when serving unbalanced loads. A stationary reference frame ($\alpha \beta$) based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-23 Bei Xu , Victor Paduani , Hui Yu , David Lubkeman , Ning Lu

Data center electricity consumption reached 4.4% of U.S. total in 2023 and is projected to grow to 6.7--12% by 2028, imposing increasing stress on transmission networks while representing a largely untapped source of controllable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Haoxiang Wan , Xingpeng Li

DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

The rapid growth of renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia and increased the need for fast frequency response (FFR) in modern power systems. Data centers, as large and flexible electrical consumers, hold great…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

The rapid growth of large, power-electronics-rich data center (DC) loads is creating new operational challenges for bulk power systems. A key risk arises when a DC uninterruptible power supply (UPS) disconnects the facility during…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Ahmed Mesfer Alkhudaydi , Bai Cui

During the last decades, significant advances have been made in the area of power system stability and control. Nevertheless, when this analysis is carried out by means of decentralized conditions in a general network, it has been based on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-27 Chrysovalantis Spanias , Ioannis Lestas

As hyperscale and co-located data centers scale, the electric grid sees an increase in large, voltage-sensitive IT loads with these data center plant size ranging between 500 MW to 2 GW. A sudden loss of these loads as they switch to onsite…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Soham Ghosh , Mohammad Ashraf Hossain Sadi

The rapid proliferation of data centers is reshaping modern power system dynamics. Unlike legacy industrial loads, data centers have power-electronic interfaces whose multi-timescale dynamics can interact strongly with the grid, inducing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Xingyu Zhao , Junbo Zhao

Digital equipment such as computers, telecommunication systems and instruments use microprocessors that operate at high frequencies allowing them to carry out millions or even billions of operations per second. A disturbance in the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2012-12-24 A. M. Zungeru , A. J. Garba , J. G. Kolo , M. S. Ahmed , I. Olumide

Recent boom in foundation models and AI computing have raised growing concerns on the power and energy trajectories of large-scale data centers. This paper focuses on the voltage issues caused by volatile and intensity of data center power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-10 Yize Chen , Baosen Zhang

With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

This paper studies a power transmission system with both conventional generators (CGs) and distributed energy assets (DEAs) providing frequency control. We consider an operating condition with demand aggregating two dynamic components: one…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-02 Mahmoud Abdelgalil , Vishal Shenoy , Guido Cavraro , Emiliano Dall'Anese , Jorge I. Poveda

This work deals with the design of a robust and decentralized passivity-based control scheme for regulating the voltage of a DC microgrid through boost converters. A Krasovskii-type storage function is proposed and a (local) passivity…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Michele Cucuzzella , Riccardo Lazzari , Yu Kawano , Krishna C. Kosaraju , Jacquelien M. A. Scherpen

We consider the problem of grid-forming control of power converters in low-inertia power systems. Starting from an average-switch three-phase inverter model, we draw parallels to a synchronous machine (SM) model and propose a novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-04-27 Catalin Arghir , Taouba Jouini , Florian Dorfler

Artificial intelligence (AI) is driving unprecedented growth in data center (DC) scale and power demand. AI workloads impose highly dynamic, difficult-to-forecast power profiles on the utility grid, creating reliability and stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-06 Sina Mohammadi , Wayne Wang , Marcus Chen I Wada , Rouzbeh Haghighi , Ali Hassan , Hualong Liu , Archit Bhatnagar , Ang Chen , Wencong Su

The electrical grid is evolving from a network consisting of mostly synchronous machines to a mixture of synchronous machines and inverter-based resources such as wind, solar, and energy storage. This transformation has led to a decrease in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-29 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

As more and more renewable intermittent generations are being connected to the distribution grid, the grid operators require more flexibility to maintain the balance between supply and demand. The intermittencies give rise to situations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-10 Ankur Majumdar , Omid Alizadeh-Mousavi

This paper presents a novel strategy for the synchronization of grid-following Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) in power systems with low rotational inertia. The proposed synchronization unit is based on emulating the physical properties of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-30 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug

Constant-power loads are notoriously known to destabilise power systems, such as DC microgrids, due to their negative incremental impedance. This paper equips distributed generation units with decentralised L1 adaptive controllers at the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-04-12 Daniel O'Keeffe , Stefano Riverso , Laura Albiol-Tendillo , Gordon Lightbody

The increasing diffusion of distributed energy generation systems requires the development of new control paradigms for the coordination of micro-generators, storage systems, and loads aimed at maintaining the efficiency and the safe…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Alessio La Bella , Marcello Farina , Carlo Sandroni , Riccardo Scattolini