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Automated content analysis increasingly supports communication research, yet scaling manual coding into computational pipelines raises concerns about measurement reliability and validity. We introduce a Hierarchical Error Correction (HEC)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Zhilong Zhao , Yindi Liu

We release MTQE.en-he: to our knowledge, the first publicly available English-Hebrew benchmark for Machine Translation Quality Estimation. MTQE.en-he contains 959 English segments from WMT24++, each paired with a machine translation into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Andy Rosenbaum , Assaf Siani , Ilan Kernerman

Solid evaluation of neural machine translation (NMT) is key to its understanding and improvement. Current evaluation of an NMT system is usually built upon a heuristic decoding algorithm (e.g., beam search) and an evaluation metric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Jianhao Yan , Chenming Wu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

Automatic evaluation in grammatical error correction (GEC) is crucial for selecting the best-performing systems. Currently, reference-based metrics are a popular choice, which basically measure the similarity between hypothesis and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Takumi Goto , Yusuke Sakai , Taro Watanabe

Understanding linguistics and morphology of resource-scarce code-mixed texts remains a key challenge in text processing. Although word embedding comes in handy to support downstream tasks for low-resource languages, there are plenty of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Ayan Sengupta , Sourabh Kumar Bhattacharjee , Tanmoy Chakraborty , Md Shad Akhtar

Machine translation (MT) was developed as one of the hottest research topics in the natural language processing (NLP) literature. One important issue in MT is that how to evaluate the MT system reasonably and tell us whether the translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Lifeng Han

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) enables flexible and interpretable automatic evaluations. In the field of machine translation evaluation, utilizing LLMs with translation error annotations based on Multidimensional Quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Shijie Zhang , Renhao Li , Songsheng Wang , Philipp Koehn , Min Yang , Derek F. Wong

Although neural machine translation(NMT) yields promising translation performance, it unfortunately suffers from over- and under-translation is- sues [Tu et al., 2016], of which studies have become research hotspots in NMT. At present,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-25 Jing Yang , Biao Zhang , Yue Qin , Xiangwen Zhang , Qian Lin , Jinsong Su

We introduce categorical modularity, a novel low-resource intrinsic metric to evaluate word embedding quality. Categorical modularity is a graph modularity metric based on the $k$-nearest neighbor graph constructed with embedding vectors of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Sílvia Casacuberta , Karina Halevy , Damián E. Blasi

The weighted-Hamming metric generalizes the Hamming metric by assigning different weights to blocks of coordinates. It is well-suited for applications such as coding over independent parallel channels, each of which has a different level of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Sebastian Bitzer , Alberto Ravagnani , Violetta Weger

Unlike classical lexical overlap metrics such as BLEU, most current evaluation metrics for machine translation (for example, COMET or BERTScore) are based on black-box large language models. They often achieve strong correlations with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Christoph Leiter , Piyawat Lertvittayakumjorn , Marina Fomicheva , Wei Zhao , Yang Gao , Steffen Eger

This paper introduces RETSim (Resilient and Efficient Text Similarity), a lightweight, multilingual deep learning model trained to produce robust metric embeddings for near-duplicate text retrieval, clustering, and dataset deduplication…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Marina Zhang , Owen Vallis , Aysegul Bumin , Tanay Vakharia , Elie Bursztein

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models generally perform translation using a fixed-size lexical vocabulary, which is an important bottleneck on their generalization capability and overall translation quality. The standard approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Duygu Ataman , Orhan Firat , Mattia A. Di Gangi , Marcello Federico , Alexandra Birch

Word embedding is central to neural machine translation (NMT), which has attracted intensive research interest in recent years. In NMT, the source embedding plays the role of the entrance while the target embedding acts as the terminal.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Xuebo Liu , Derek F. Wong , Yang Liu , Lidia S. Chao , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

The rapid growth of machine translation (MT) systems has necessitated comprehensive studies to meta-evaluate evaluation metrics being used, which enables a better selection of metrics that best reflect MT quality. Unfortunately, most of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Ananya B. Sai , Vignesh Nagarajan , Tanay Dixit , Raj Dabre , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Pratyush Kumar , Mitesh M. Khapra

Word-level Quality Estimation (QE) of Machine Translation (MT) aims to find out potential translation errors in the translated sentence without reference. Typically, conventional works on word-level QE are designed to predict the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Yuanmeng Yan , Jie Zhou

Annually, at the Conference of Machine Translation (WMT), the Metrics Shared Task organizers conduct the meta-evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) metrics, ranking them according to their correlation with human judgments. Their results…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Stefano Perrella , Lorenzo Proietti , Alessandro Scirè , Edoardo Barba , Roberto Navigli

The use of subword embedding has proved to be a major innovation in Neural Machine Translation (NMT). It helps NMT to learn better context vectors for Low Resource Languages (LRLs) so as to predict the target words by better modelling the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Amit Kumar , Shantipriya Parida , Ajay Pratap , Anil Kumar Singh

While automatic metrics drive progress in Machine Translation (MT) and Text Summarization (TS), existing metrics have been developed and validated almost exclusively for English and other high-resource languages. This narrow focus leaves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Amir Hossein Yari , Kalmit Kulkarni , Ahmad Raza Khan , Fajri Koto

With the rise of generative language models, machine-generated text detection has become a critical challenge. A wide variety of models is available, but inconsistent datasets, evaluation metrics, and assessment strategies obscure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Kevin Stowe , Kailash Patil