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Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been used as agents to control keyboard and mouse inputs by directly perceiving the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and generating corresponding commands. However, current agents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Dongping Chen , Yue Huang , Siyuan Wu , Jingyu Tang , Liuyi Chen , Yilin Bai , Zhigang He , Chenlong Wang , Huichi Zhou , Yiqiang Li , Tianshuo Zhou , Yue Yu , Chujie Gao , Qihui Zhang , Yi Gui , Zhen Li , Yao Wan , Pan Zhou , Jianfeng Gao , Lichao Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the potential to enhance Agent-Based Modeling by better representing complex interdependent cybersecurity systems, improving cybersecurity threat modeling and risk management. However, evaluating LLMs in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Tam n. Nguyen

Exploratory GUI testing is essential for software quality but suffers from high manual costs. While Multi-modal Large Language Model (MLLM) agents excel in navigation, they fail to autonomously discover defects due to two core challenges:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yifei Gao , Jiang Wu , Xiaoyi Chen , Yifan Yang , Zhe Cui , Tianyi Ma , Jiaming Zhang , Jitao Sang

Recent advances in vision language action (VLA) models have shown remarkable potential for autonomous driving by directly mapping multimodal inputs to control signals. However, previous VLA-based methods have not explicitly exploited the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Lijin Yang , Jianing Huang , Zhongzhan Huang , Shu Liu , Hao Yang

Recent progress in reasoning models suggests that generating plausible attempts for research-level mathematics may be within reach, but verification remains a bottleneck, consuming scarce expert time. We hypothesize that a meaningful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Guijin Son , Donghun Yang , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Hyunwoo Ko , Amit Agarwal , Sunghee Ahn , Kyong-Ha Lee , Youngjae Yu

Despite the remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in various reasoning tasks, they still struggle with table reasoning tasks, particularly in maintaining consistency throughout multi-step reasoning processes. While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Peiying Yu , Guoxin Chen , Jingjing Wang

GUI agents drive applications through their visual interfaces instead of programmatic APIs, interacting with arbitrary software via taps, swipes, and keystrokes, reaching a long tail of applications that CLI-based agents cannot. Yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Fei Tang , Zhiqiong Lu , Boxuan Zhang , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang , Yongliang Shen

GUI grounding is a critical component in building capable GUI agents. However, existing grounding benchmarks suffer from significant limitations: they either provide insufficient data volume and narrow domain coverage, or focus excessively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Beitong Zhou , Zhexiao Huang , Yuan Guo , Zhangxuan Gu , Tianyu Xia , Zichen Luo , Fei Tang , Dehan Kong , Yanyi Shang , Suling Ou , Zhenlin Guo , Changhua Meng , Shuheng Shen

Recent advancements extend Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) beyond standard visual question answering to utilizing external tools for advanced visual tasks. Despite this progress, precisely executing and effectively composing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xuanyu Zhu , Yuhao Dong , Rundong Wang , Yang Shi , Zhipeng Wu , Yinlun Peng , YiFan Zhang , Yihang Lou , Yuanxing Zhang , Ziwei Liu , Yan Bai , Yuan Zhou

VLM-based mobile agents are increasingly popular due to their capabilities to interact with smartphone GUIs and XML-structured texts and to complete daily tasks. However, existing online benchmarks struggle with obtaining stable reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Weikai Xu , Zhizheng Jiang , Yuxuan Liu , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Yuanchun Li , Yunxin Liu , Bin Wang , Bo An

Progress in computer use agents (CUAs) has been constrained by the absence of large and high-quality datasets that capture how humans interact with a computer. While LLMs have thrived on abundant textual data, no comparable corpus exists…

Large language models (LLMs) and large multimodal models (LMMs) have shown great potential in automating complex tasks like web browsing and gaming. However, their ability to generalize across diverse applications remains limited, hindering…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Xiaoqiang Wang , Bang Liu

With advances in decision-making and reasoning capabilities, multimodal agents show strong potential in computer application scenarios. Past evaluations have mainly assessed GUI interaction skills, while tool invocation abilities, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Hongrui Jia , Jitong Liao , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Tianbao Xie , Chaoya Jiang , Ming Yan , Si Liu , Wei Ye , Fei Huang

As multimodal large language models (MLLMs) advance, MLLM-based virtual agents have demonstrated remarkable performance. However, existing benchmarks face significant limitations, including uncontrollable task complexity, extensive manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wendong Bu , Yang Wu , Qifan Yu , Minghe Gao , Bingchen Miao , Zhenkui Zhang , Kaihang Pan , Yunfei Li , Mengze Li , Wei Ji , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang

Large language models (LLMs) have evolved AI assistants into autonomous reasoning engines that maintain context, invoke tools, and pursue long-horizon tasks. This has spurred Agent Operating Systems (Agent OS) as kernel-like layers for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Heyuan Huang , Yeyi Guan , Jihong Wang , Mingzhi Wang , Jiamu Zhou , Xiangmou Qu , Jiaxin Yin , Xin Liao , Xingyu Lou , Jun Wang

Data science and engineering workflows often span multiple stages, from warehousing to orchestration, using tools like BigQuery, dbt, and Airbyte. As vision language models (VLMs) advance in multimodal understanding and code generation,…

Operations Research practitioners debug infeasible models through an iterative process: inspecting Irreducible Infeasible Subsystems ( IIS), identifying constraint conflicts, and repairing formulations until feasibility is restored.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Ruicheng Ao , David Simchi-Levi , Xinshang Wang

Benchmarking is crucial for testing and validating any system, even more so in real-time systems. Typical real-time applications adhere to well-understood abstractions: they exhibit a periodic behavior, operate on a well-defined working…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Mattia Nicolella , Shahin Roozkhosh , Denis Hoornaert , Andrea Bastoni , Renato Mancuso

Utilizing Graphic User Interface (GUI) for human-computer interaction is essential for accessing a wide range of digital tools. Recent advancements in Vision Language Models (VLMs) highlight the compelling potential to develop versatile…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Wentong Chen , Junbo Cui , Jinyi Hu , Yujia Qin , Junjie Fang , Yue Zhao , Chongyi Wang , Jun Liu , Guirong Chen , Yupeng Huo , Yuan Yao , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

GUI task automation streamlines repetitive tasks, but existing LLM or VLM-based planner-executor agents suffer from brittle generalization, high latency, and limited long-horizon coherence. Their reliance on single-shot reasoning or static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Seoyoung Lee , Seonbin Yoon , Seongbeen Lee , Hyesoo Kim , Joo Yong Sim