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This paper investigates the relationship between subsystems and time in a closed nonrelativistic system of interacting bosons and fermions. It is possible to write any state vector in such a system as an unentangled tensor product of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-20 Bradley A. Foreman

The standard formulation of quantum theory assumes a predefined notion of time. This is a major obstacle in the search for a quantum theory of gravity, where the causal structure of space-time is expected to be dynamical and fundamentally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-29 Ognyan Oreshkov , Nicolas J. Cerf

A scenario of space-time emergence from individual interactions at the quantum level requires correlations encoding a scalar product, for large-scale emergence of space orientation. In D=4 the candidate is spin 1/2 correlations, indicating…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-10-26 Anna Karlsson

Most approaches to quantum gravity suggest that relativistic spacetime is not fundamental, but instead emerges from some non-spatiotemporal structure. This paper investigates the implications of this suggestion for the possibility of time…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-07-26 Christian Wuthrich

I propose a novel interpretation of quantum theory, which I will call Environmental Determinacy-based (EnDQT). In contrast to the well-known interpretations of quantum theory, EnDQT has the benefit of not adding non-local,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-06 Francisco Pipa

Quantum timeless approaches solve the problem of time by recovering the usual unitary evolution of quantum theory relative to a clock in a stationary quantum Universe. For some Hamiltonians of the Universe, such as those including an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Simone Rijavec

We present a novel derivation of both the Minkowski metric and Lorentz transformations from the consistent quantification of a causally ordered set of events with respect to an embedded observer. Unlike past derivations, which have relied…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2014-12-22 Kevin H. Knuth , Newshaw Bahreyni

A simple, though rarely considered, thought experiment on relativistic rotation is described in which internal inconsistencies in the theory of relativity seem to arise. These apparent inconsistencies are resolved by appropriate insight…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Robert D. Klauber

According to general relativity, trapping surfaces and horizons are classical causal structures that arise in systems with sharply defined energy and corresponding gravitational radius. The latter concept can be extended to a quantum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-20 R. Casadio

The rules of quantum mechanics require a time coordinate for their formulation. However, a notion of time is in general possible only when a classical spacetime geometry exists. Such a geometry is itself produced by classical matter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 T. P. Singh

This thesis is situated within the context of quantum gravity, broadly understood as any effort to explore the interplay between gravitation and the quantum realm, without necessarily requiring the quantization of the gravitational field…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-22 Gerardo García-Moreno

Quantum non-local correlations and the acausal, spooky action at a distance suggest a discord between quantum theory and special relativity. We propose a resolution for this discord by first observing that there is a problem of time in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-11-15 Shreya Banerjee , Sayantani Bera , T. P. Singh

Spacetime emergence from entanglement proposes an alternative to quantizing gravity and typically derives a notion of distance based on the amount of mutual information shared across sub-systems. Albeit promising, this program still faces…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-29 Guilherme Franzmann , Sebastian M. D. Jovancic , Matthew Lawson

We propose a novel family of entanglement measures for time-separated subsystems. Our definitions are applicable to any quantum system, continuous or discrete. To illustrate their utility, we derive upper and lower bounds on time-separated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Alexey Milekhin , Zofia Adamska , John Preskill

We have recently argued that if one introduces a relational time in quantum mechanics and quantum gravity, the resulting quantum theory is such that pure states evolve into mixed states. The rate at which states decohere depends on the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Rodolfo Gambini , Rafael Porto , Jorge Pullin

From correlations in measurement outcomes alone, can two otherwise isolated parties establish whether such correlations are atemporal? That is, can they rule out that they have been given the same system at two different times? Classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Minjeong Song , Varun Narasimhachar , Bartosz Regula , Thomas J. Elliott , Mile Gu

The Thermal Time Hypotheis (TTH) has been proposed as a general method for identifying a time variable from within background-free theories which do not come equipped with a pre-defined clock variable. Here, we explore some implications of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-08-04 Nicolas C. Menicucci , S. Jay Olson , Gerard J. Milburn

The framework of a theory of gravity from the quantum to the classical regime is presented. The paradigm shift from full spacetime covariance to spatial diffeomorphism invariance, together with clean decomposition of the canonical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-12-06 Chopin Soo , Hoi-Lai Yu

We present an implementation of a recently proposed procedure for defining time, based on the description of the evolving system and its clock as non-interacting, entangled systems, according to the Page and Wootters approach. We study how…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-13 Alessandro Coppo , Alessandro Cuccoli , Paola Verrucchi

In quantum mechanics, time is introduced as a non-measurable quantity, as there is no possibility to build a hermitian operator canonically conjugated to the Hamiltonian. We cannot have, therefore, the time operator, which means that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-27 Andrzej Góźdź , Marek Góźdź