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Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has become the default approach to fine-tune large language models (LLMs) due to its significant reduction in trainable parameters. However, trainable parameter demand for LoRA increases with increasing model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Seyedarmin Azizi , Souvik Kundu , Massoud Pedram

Training large language models (LLMs) for pretraining or adapting to new tasks and domains has become increasingly critical as their applications expand. However, as the model and the data sizes grow, the training process presents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Amrutha Varshini Ramesh , Vignesh Ganapathiraman , Issam H. Laradji , Mark Schmidt

LLM alignment remains a critical challenge. Inference-time methods provide a flexible alternative to fine-tuning, but their uniform computational effort often yields suboptimal alignment. We hypothesize that for many alignment tasks, the…

The entry of large language models (LLMs) into research and commercial spaces has led to a trend of ever-larger models, with initial promises of generalisability, followed by a widespread desire to downsize and create specialised models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Niall Taylor , Upamanyu Ghose , Omid Rohanian , Mohammadmahdi Nouriborji , Andrey Kormilitzin , David Clifton , Alejo Nevado-Holgado

We present a novel Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) method, dubbed as Adaptive Freezing of Low Rank Adaptation (AFLoRA). Specifically, for each pre-trained frozen weight tensor, we add a parallel path of trainable low-rank matrices,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Zeyu Liu , Souvik Kundu , Anni Li , Junrui Wan , Lianghao Jiang , Peter Anthony Beerel

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress, with model optimization primarily relying on gradient-based optimizers such as Adam. However, these gradient-based methods impose stringent hardware requirements,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 WenTao Liu , Siyu Song , Hao Hao , Aimin Zhou

Pre-trained or fine-tuned on large code corpora, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in code completion tasks. However, their embedded knowledge is constrained by the timeliness of training data, which often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Guancheng Lin , Xiao Yu , Jacky Keung , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Alex X. Liu

Despite their exceptional performance on various tasks after fine-tuning, pre-trained language models (PLMs) face significant challenges due to growing privacy concerns with data in centralized training methods. We consider federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yuxuan Yan , Qianqian Yang , Shunpu Tang , Zhiguo Shi

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) has achieved remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks, yet it demands more and more memory as model sizes keep growing. To address this issue, the recently proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Yifan Yang , Kai Zhen , Ershad Banijamal , Athanasios Mouchtaris , Zheng Zhang

Fine-tuning is a critical step for adapting large language models (LLMs) to domain-specific downstream tasks. To mitigate the substantial computational and memory costs of full-model fine-tuning, Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Selcuk Gurses , Aozhong Zhang , Yanxia Deng , Xun Dong , Xin Li , Naigang Wang , Penghang Yin , Zi Yang

The increasingly Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate stronger language understanding and generation capabilities, while the memory demand and computation cost of fine-tuning LLMs on downstream tasks are non-negligible. Besides,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Ting Hu , Christoph Meinel , Haojin Yang

We study robust parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques designed to improve accuracy and generalization while operating within strict computational and memory hardware constraints, specifically focusing on large-language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yehonathan Refael , Iftach Arbel , Ofir Lindenbaum , Tom Tirer

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) is widely studied for its effectiveness and efficiency in the era of large language models. Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has demonstrated commendable performance as a popular and representative method.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Zequan Liu , Jiawen Lyn , Wei Zhu , Xing Tian , Yvette Graham

Adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to new tasks through fine-tuning has been made more efficient by the introduction of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, such as LoRA. However, these methods often underperform compared…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Chunlin Tian , Zhan Shi , Zhijiang Guo , Li Li , Chengzhong Xu

The machine learning community has witnessed impressive advancements since large language models (LLMs) first appeared. Yet, their massive memory consumption has become a significant roadblock to large-scale training. For instance, a 7B…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Rui Pan , Xiang Liu , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Jipeng Zhang , Chi Han , Tong Zhang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has become a widely adopted technique for fine-tuning large-scale pre-trained models with minimal parameter updates. However, existing methods rely on fixed ranks or focus solely on either rank pruning or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Huandong Chang , Zicheng Ma , Mingyuan Ma , Zhenting Qi , Andrew Sabot , Hong Jiang , H. T. Kung

As large language models (LLMs) scale to billions of parameters, full-parameter fine-tuning becomes compute- and memory-prohibitive. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) mitigates this issue by updating only a small set of task-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuan Cui , Huiyue Li , Run Zeng , Yunfei Zhao , Jinrui Qian , Wei Duan , Bo Liu , Zhanpeng Zhou

LoRA and its variants have become popular parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods due to their ability to avoid excessive computational costs. However, an accuracy gap often exists between PEFT methods and full fine-tuning (FT), and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haoze He , Juncheng Billy Li , Xuan Jiang , Heather Miller

Compared to Full-Model Fine-Tuning (FMFT), Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) has demonstrated superior performance and lower computational overhead in several code understanding tasks, such as code summarization and code search. This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Shuo Liu , Jacky Keung , Zhen Yang , Fang Liu , Qilin Zhou , Yihan Liao

Reinforcement finetuning (RFT) has shown great potential for enhancing the mathematical reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but it is often sample- and compute-inefficient, requiring extensive training. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Taiwei Shi , Yiyang Wu , Linxin Song , Tianyi Zhou , Jieyu Zhao