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State-space models (SSMs), particularly Mamba, have become powerful architectures for sequence modeling, yet their internal dynamics remain poorly understood compared to attention-based models. We introduce and validate the Influence Score,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mohamed Mabrok , Yalda Zafari

Transformer-based embedding models suffer from quadratic computational and linear memory complexity, limiting their utility for long sequences. We propose recurrent architectures as an efficient alternative, introducing a vertically chunked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tobias Grantner , Emanuel Sallinger , Martin Flechl

Language models are widely used in chemistry for molecular property prediction and small-molecule generation, yet Natural Products (NPs) remain underexplored despite their importance in drug discovery. To address this gap, we develop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ho-Hsuan Wang , Afnan Sultan , Andrea Volkamer , Dietrich Klakow

Time series forecasting has made significant advances, including with Transformer-based models. The attention mechanism in Transformer effectively captures temporal dependencies by attending to all past inputs simultaneously. However, its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xiongxiao Xu , Canyu Chen , Yueqing Liang , Baixiang Huang , Guangji Bai , Liang Zhao , Kai Shu

In scene text detection, Transformer-based methods have addressed the global feature extraction limitations inherent in traditional convolution neural network-based methods. However, most directly rely on native Transformer attention layers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Qiyan Zhao , Yue Yan , Da-Han Wang

We present SAM, a State-space Audio-language Model that integrates an audio encoder with a Mamba-2 backbone. SAM-2.7B achieves 21.1 mAP on AudioSet and 17.6 SPICE on AudioCaps, matching or surpassing larger 7B transformer-based models with…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Taehan Lee , Jaehan Jung , Hyukjun Lee

State-space language models such as Mamba match Transformer quality while permitting linear complexity inference, yet still comprise billions of parameters that hinder deployment. Existing one-shot pruning methods are tailored to attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Kaiwen Tuo , Huan Wang

Modeling multivariate time series is a well-established problem with a wide range of applications from healthcare to financial markets. Traditional State Space Models (SSMs) are classical approaches for univariate time series modeling due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ali Behrouz , Michele Santacatterina , Ramin Zabih

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have attracted widespread interest and have rich applications. However, the inherent attention mechanism in its Transformer structure requires quadratic complexity and results in expensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Yanyuan Qiao , Zheng Yu , Longteng Guo , Sihan Chen , Zijia Zhao , Mingzhen Sun , Qi Wu , Jing Liu

Mamba, a selective state-space model (SSM), has emerged as an efficient alternative to Transformers for speech modeling, enabling long-sequence processing with linear complexity. While effective in speech separation, existing approaches,…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ke Xue , Chang Sun , Rongfei Fan , Jing Wang , Han Hu

Despite the advantageous subquadratic complexity of modern recurrent deep learning models -- such as state-space models (SSMs) -- recent studies have highlighted their potential shortcomings compared to transformers on reasoning and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Destiny Okpekpe , Antonio Orvieto

State space models (SSMs) have recently shown promising results on small-scale sequence and language modelling tasks, rivalling and outperforming many attention-based approaches. In this paper, we propose a multi-head state space (MH-SSM)…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-29 Yassir Fathullah , Chunyang Wu , Yuan Shangguan , Junteng Jia , Wenhan Xiong , Jay Mahadeokar , Chunxi Liu , Yangyang Shi , Ozlem Kalinli , Mike Seltzer , Mark J. F. Gales

Modern recurrent layers are emerging as a promising path toward edge deployment of foundation models, especially in the context of large language models (LLMs). Compressing the whole input sequence in a finite-dimensional representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Alessandro Pierro , Steven Abreu

When predicting the next token in a sequence, vanilla transformers compute attention over all previous tokens, resulting in quadratic scaling of compute with sequence length. State-space models compress the entire sequence of tokens into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Yash Akhauri , Safeen Huda , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

State space models have shown significant promise in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and, more recently, computer vision. This paper introduces a new methodology leveraging Mamba and Masked Autoencoder networks for point cloud data in…

The quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism in Transformer models has motivated the development of alternative architectures with sub-quadratic scaling, such as state-space models. Among these, Mamba has emerged as a leading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Peng Lu , Jerry Huang , Qiuhao Zeng , Xinyu Wang , Boxing Chen , Philippe Langlais , Yufei Cui

State-space models (SSMs), particularly Mamba, emerge as an efficient Transformer alternative with linear complexity for long-sequence modeling. Recent empirical works demonstrate Mamba's in-context learning (ICL) capabilities competitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jiarui Jiang , Wei Huang , Miao Zhang , Taiji Suzuki , Liqiang Nie

In-context learning is governed by both temporal and semantic relationships, shaping how Large Language Models (LLMs) retrieve contextual information. Analogous to human episodic memory, where the retrieval of specific events is enabled by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Anooshka Bajaj , Deven Mahesh Mistry , Sahaj Singh Maini , Yash Aggarwal , Zoran Tiganj

Transformer and its derivatives have achieved success in diverse tasks across computer vision, natural language processing, and speech processing. To reduce the complexity of computations within the multi-head self-attention mechanism in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-29 Xiangyu Zhang , Qiquan Zhang , Hexin Liu , Tianyi Xiao , Xinyuan Qian , Beena Ahmed , Eliathamby Ambikairajah , Haizhou Li , Julien Epps

Probabilistic State Space Models (SSMs) are essential for Reinforcement Learning (RL) from high-dimensional, partial information as they provide concise representations for control. Yet, they lack the computational efficiency of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Philipp Becker , Niklas Freymuth , Gerhard Neumann