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Substantial research works have shown that deep models, e.g., pre-trained models, on the large corpus can learn universal language representations, which are beneficial for downstream NLP tasks. However, these powerful models are also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yixin Liu , Hongsheng Hu , Xun Chen , Xuyun Zhang , Lichao Sun

Untrustworthy users can misuse image generators to synthesize high-quality deepfakes and engage in unethical activities. Watermarking deters misuse by marking generated content with a hidden message, enabling its detection using a secret…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Nils Lukas , Abdulrahman Diaa , Lucas Fenaux , Florian Kerschbaum

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates reliable methods to detect LLM-generated text. We introduce SimMark, a robust sentence-level watermarking algorithm that makes LLMs' outputs traceable without requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Amirhossein Dabiriaghdam , Lele Wang

The proliferation of AI-generated content brings significant concerns on the forensic and security issues such as source tracing, copyright protection, etc, highlighting the need for effective watermarking technologies. Font-based text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Kahim Wong , Jicheng Zhou , Kemou Li , Yain-Whar Si , Xiaowei Wu , Jiantao Zhou

Digital watermarking has shown its effectiveness in protecting multimedia content. However, existing watermarking is predominantly tailored for specific media types, rendering them less effective for the protection of content displayed on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Xiujian Liang , Gaozhi Liu , Yichao Si , Xiaoxiao Hu , Zhenxing Qian

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

While existing audio watermarking techniques have achieved strong robustness against traditional digital signal processing (DSP) attacks, they remain vulnerable to neural resynthesis. This occurs because modern neural audio codecs act as…

Training data is a critical and often proprietary asset in Large Language Model (LLM) development, motivating the use of data watermarking to embed model-transferable signals for usage verification. We identify low coverage as a vital yet…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Hengyu Wu , Yang Cao

Deepfake facial manipulation has garnered significant public attention due to its impacts on enhancing human experiences and posing privacy threats. Despite numerous passive algorithms that have been attempted to thwart malicious Deepfake…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Tianyi Wang , Mengxiao Huang , Harry Cheng , Xiao Zhang , Zhiqi Shen

Deep neural networks are playing an important role in many real-life applications. After being trained with abundant data and computing resources, a deep neural network model providing service is endowed with economic value. An important…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Fangqi Li , Shilin Wang

Model fragile watermarking, inspired by both the field of adversarial attacks on neural networks and traditional multimedia fragile watermarking, has gradually emerged as a potent tool for detecting tampering, and has witnessed rapid…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Zhenzhe Gao , Yu Cheng , Zhaoxia Yin

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the outputs of large language models (LLMs). Most existing schemes require white-box access to the model's next-token probability distribution, which is typically not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

Watermarking is a critical tool for model ownership verification. However, existing watermarking techniques are often designed for specific data modalities and downstream tasks, without considering the inherent architectural properties of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Hengyuan Xu , Liyao Xiang , Borui Yang , Xingjun Ma , Siheng Chen , Baochun Li

With the widespread use of deep neural networks (DNNs) in many areas, more and more studies focus on protecting DNN models from intellectual property (IP) infringement. Many existing methods apply digital watermarking to protect the DNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Lina Lin , Hanzhou Wu

Engineering a top-notch deep learning model is an expensive procedure that involves collecting data, hiring human resources with expertise in machine learning, and providing high computational resources. For that reason, deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Omid Aramoon , Pin-Yu Chen , Gang Qu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance, making them valuable digital assets with significant commercial potential. Unfortunately, the LLM and its API are susceptible to intellectual property theft.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Kunsheng Tang , Jie Zhang , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu , Kai Zeng

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models. A challenge in the domain lies in preserving the distribution of original…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Yihan Wu , Zhengmian Hu , Junfeng Guo , Hongyang Zhang , Heng Huang

The widespread use of AI-generated content from diffusion models has raised significant concerns regarding misinformation and copyright infringement. Watermarking is a crucial technique for identifying these AI-generated images and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Wenda Li , Huijie Zhang , Qing Qu

The proliferation of large language models for code (CodeLMs) and open-source contributions has heightened concerns over unauthorized use of source code datasets. While watermarking provides a viable protection mechanism by embedding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuchen Chen , Yuan Xiao , Chunrong Fang , Zhenyu Chen , Baowen Xu

Deep learning-based watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for robust image authentication and protection. However, existing models are limited by low embedding capacity and vulnerability to bit-level errors, making them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Hyunwook Choi , Sangyun Won , Daeyeon Hwang , Junhyeok Choi