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Open-vocabulary keyword spotting (KWS) refers to the task of detecting words or terms within speech recordings, regardless of whether they were included in the training data. This paper introduces an open-vocabulary keyword spotting model…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-08 Yael Segal-Feldman , Ann R. Bradlow , Matthew Goldrick , Joseph Keshet

The performance of the keyword spotting (KWS) system based on audio modality, commonly measured in false alarms and false rejects, degrades significantly under the far field and noisy conditions. Therefore, audio-visual keyword spotting,…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Ao Zhang , He Wang , Pengcheng Guo , Yihui Fu , Lei Xie , Yingying Gao , Shilei Zhang , Junlan Feng

With the increasing prevalence of voice-activated devices and applications, keyword spotting (KWS) models enable users to interact with technology hands-free, enhancing convenience and accessibility in various contexts. Deploying KWS models…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-29 Jonathan Svirsky , Uri Shaham , Ofir Lindenbaum

This paper introduces a novel approach for streaming openvocabulary keyword spotting (KWS) with text-based keyword enrollment. For every input frame, the proposed method finds the optimal alignment ending at the frame using connectionist…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Sichen Jin , Youngmoon Jung , Seungjin Lee , Jaeyoung Roh , Changwoo Han , Hoonyoung Cho

In this work we explore the latency and accuracy of keyword spotting (KWS) models in streaming and non-streaming modes on mobile phones. NN model conversion from non-streaming mode (model receives the whole input sequence and then returns…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-29 Oleg Rybakov , Natasha Kononenko , Niranjan Subrahmanya , Mirko Visontai , Stella Laurenzo

Keyword spotting (KWS) is essential for voice-driven applications, demanding both accuracy and efficiency. Traditional ASR-based KWS methods, such as greedy and beam search, explore the entire search space without explicitly prioritizing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Yu Xi , Haoyu Li , Xiaoyu Gu , Yidi Jiang , Kai Yu

In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end user-defined keyword spotting method that utilizes linguistically corresponding patterns between speech and text sequences. Unlike previous approaches requiring speech keyword enrollment, our…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-04 Hyeon-Kyeong Shin , Hyewon Han , Doyeon Kim , Soo-Whan Chung , Hong-Goo Kang

In this paper, we propose MM-KWS, a novel approach to user-defined keyword spotting leveraging multi-modal enrollments of text and speech templates. Unlike previous methods that focus solely on either text or speech features, MM-KWS…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-12 Zhiqi Ai , Zhiyong Chen , Shugong Xu

User-defined keyword spotting (KWS) is crucial for personalized voice interaction, yet existing methods face several challenges: (1) insufficient discriminability among confusable words, (2) performance inconsistency across speakers with…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Zhiqi Ai , Han Cheng , Shiyi Mu , Xinnuo Li , Yongjin Zhou , Shugong Xu

Robustness against noise is critical for keyword spotting (KWS) in real-world environments. To improve the robustness, a speech enhancement front-end is involved. Instead of treating the speech enhancement as a separated preprocessing…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-21 Yue Gu , Zhihao Du , Hui Zhang , Xueliang Zhang

Keyword Spotting (KWS) from speech signals is widely applied to perform fully hands-free speech recognition. The KWS network is designed as a small-footprint model so it can continuously be active. Recent efforts have explored dynamic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-25 Donghyeon Kim , Kyungdeuk Ko , Jeonggi Kwak , David K. Han , Hanseok Ko

Keyword Spotting (KWS) systems with small footprint models deployed on edge devices face significant accuracy and robustness challenges due to domain shifts caused by varying noise and recording conditions. To address this, we propose a…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Prakash Dhungana , Sayed Ahmad Salehi

Using audio and text embeddings jointly for Keyword Spotting (KWS) has shown high-quality results, but the key challenge of how to semantically align two embeddings for multi-word keywords of different sequence lengths remains largely…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-09 Kumari Nishu , Minsik Cho , Devang Naik

Spoken keyword spotting (KWS) deals with the identification of keywords in audio streams and has become a fast-growing technology thanks to the paradigm shift introduced by deep learning a few years ago. This has allowed the rapid embedding…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Iván López-Espejo , Zheng-Hua Tan , John Hansen , Jesper Jensen

Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting (SF-KWS) has gained popularity in today's landscape of smart voice-activated devices, smartphones, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This surge is attributed to the advancements in Deep Learning,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Soumen Garai , Suman Samui

Using a vision-inspired keyword spotting framework, we propose an architecture with input-dependent dynamic depth capable of processing streaming audio. Specifically, we extend a conformer encoder with trainable binary gates that allow us…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Alexandre Bittar , Paul Dixon , Mohammad Samragh , Kumari Nishu , Devang Naik

Keyword spotting (KWS) is experiencing an upswing due to the pervasiveness of small electronic devices that allow interaction with them via speech. Often, KWS systems are speaker-independent, which means that any person --user or not--…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Iván López-Espejo , Zheng-Hua Tan , Jesper Jensen

Few-shot keyword spotting (KWS) aims to detect unknown keywords with limited training samples. A commonly used approach is the pre-training and fine-tuning framework. While effective in clean conditions, this approach struggles with mixed…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Junming Yuan , Ying Shi , LanTian Li , Dong Wang , Askar Hamdulla

Keyword Spotting (KWS) enables speech-based user interaction on smart devices. Always-on and battery-powered application scenarios for smart devices put constraints on hardware resources and power consumption, while also demanding high…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-05 Simon Mittermaier , Ludwig Kürzinger , Bernd Waschneck , Gerhard Rigoll

The performance of keyword spotting (KWS), measured in false alarms and false rejects, degrades significantly under the far field and noisy conditions. In this paper, we propose a multi-look neural network modeling for speech enhancement…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-22 Meng Yu , Xuan Ji , Bo Wu , Dan Su , Dong Yu
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