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We construct a family of distributions $\{\mathcal{D}_n\}_n$ with $\mathcal{D}_n$ over $\{0, 1\}^n$ and a family of depth-$7$ quantum circuits $\{C_n\}_n$ such that $\mathcal{D}_n$ is produced exactly by $C_n$ with the all zeros state as…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Daniel Grier , Daniel M. Kane , Jackson Morris , Anthony Ostuni , Kewen Wu

A (Quantum) Random Access Code ((Q)RAC) is a scheme that encodes $n$ bits into $m$ (qu)bits such that any of the $n$ bits can be recovered with a worst case probability $p>\frac{1}{2}$. Such a code is denoted by the triple $(n,m,p)$. It is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-17 Ola Liabøtrø

A key open question in quantum computing is whether quantum algorithms can potentially offer a significant advantage over classical algorithms for tasks of practical interest. Understanding the limits of classical computing in simulating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-23 Matija Medvidovic , Giuseppe Carleo

We study the quantum security of key-alternating ciphers (KAC), a natural multi-round generalization of the Even--Mansour construction. KAC abstracts the round structure of practical block ciphers as public permutations interleaved with key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 Chen Bai , Mehdi Esmaili , Atul Mantri

Koiran showed that if a $n$-variate polynomial of degree $d$ (with $d=n^{O(1)}$) is computed by a circuit of size $s$, then it is also computed by a homogeneous circuit of depth four and of size $2^{O(\sqrt{d}\log(d)\log(s))}$. Using this…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-05-19 Sébastien Tavenas

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a variational method for noisy, intermediate-scale quantum computers to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Quantifying performance bounds with respect to specific problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Phillip C. Lotshaw , Travis S. Humble , Rebekah Herrman , James Ostrowski , George Siopsis

Motivated by limitations on the depth of near-term quantum devices, we study the depth-computation trade-off in the query model, where the depth corresponds to the number of adaptive query rounds and the computation per layer corresponds to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-08 Uma Girish , Makrand Sinha , Avishay Tal , Kewen Wu

An $n$-qubit quantum circuit is said to be peaked if it has an output probability that is at least inverse-polynomially large as a function of $n$. We describe a classical algorithm with quasipolynomial runtime $n^{O(\log{n})}$ that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-18 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset , Yinchen Liu

We numerically investigate the statement that local random quantum circuits acting on n qubits composed of polynomially many nearest neighbour two-qubit gates form an approximate unitary poly(n)-design [F.G.S.L. Brandao et al.,…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum-classical hybrid algorithm intending to find the ground state of a target Hamiltonian. Theoretically, QAOA can obtain the approximate solution if the quantum circuit is deep…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-26 Yahui Chai , Yong-Jian Han , Yu-Chun Wu , Ye Li , Menghan Dou , Guo-Ping Guo

We prove exponential lower bounds on the size of homogeneous depth 4 arithmetic circuits computing an explicit polynomial in $VP$. Our results hold for the {\it Iterated Matrix Multiplication} polynomial - in particular we show that any…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-04-09 Mrinal Kumar , Shubhangi Saraf

Currently available quantum computers, so called Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, are characterized by relatively low number of qubits and moderate gate fidelities. In such scenario, the implementation of quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 Oskar Słowik , Adam Sawicki

The approximate degree of a Boolean function $f\colon\{0,1\}^n\to\{0,1\}$ is the minimum degree of a real polynomial $p$ that approximates $f$ pointwise: $|f(x)-p(x)|\leq1/3$ for all $x\in\{0,1\}^n.$ For every $\delta>0,$ we construct CNF…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Alexander A. Sherstov

A monotone Boolean circuit is composed of OR gates, AND gates and input gates corresponding to the input variables and the Boolean constants. It is $q$-multilinear if for each its output gate $o$ and for each prime implicant $s$ of the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Andrzej Lingas , Mia Persson

The ability of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) to deliver a quantum advantage on combinatorial optimization problems is still unclear. Recently, a scaling advantage over a classical solver was postulated to exist for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-02 Thorge Müller , Ajainderpal Singh , Frank K. Wilhelm , Tim Bode

Quantum computing faces a key challenge: balancing the need for low circuit depth (crucial for fault tolerance) with the high accuracy required for complex computations like quantum chemistry and error correction, which typically require…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-21 Ioana Moflic , Alexandru Paler , Akash Kundu

Efficient and high-performance quantum error correction is essential for achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing. Low-depth random circuits offer a promising approach to identifying effective and practical encoding strategies. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Guoding Liu , Zhenyu Du , Zi-Wen Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

The polynomial method and the Ambainis's lower bound (or \emph{Alb}, for short) method are two main quantum lower bound techniques. While recently Ambainis showed that the polynomial method is not tight, the present paper aims at studying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Shengyu Zhang

In recent years, there has been a flurry of activity towards proving lower bounds for homogeneous depth-4 arithmetic circuits, which has brought us very close to statements that are known to imply $\textsf{VP} \neq \textsf{VNP}$. It is open…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Mrinal Kumar , Shubhangi Saraf

We demonstrate the applicability of a universal gate set in the parity encoding, which is a dual to the standard gate model, by exploring several quantum gate algorithms such as the quantum Fourier transform and quantum addition. Embedding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-03 Michael Fellner , Anette Messinger , Kilian Ender , Wolfgang Lechner