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Porous electrodes composed of multiphase active materials are widely used in Li-ion batteries, but their dynamics are poorly understood. Two-phase models are largely empirical, and no models exist for three or more phases. Using a modified…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2014-02-07 Todd R. Ferguson , Martin Z. Bazant

In this article the Butler-Volmer equation used in describing Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is discussed. First, a complete mathematical model based on a macro-homogeneous approach developed by Neuman is presented. Two common mistakes…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2015-03-20 A. M. Ramos , C. P. Please

Thick Li-ion battery electrodes with high ion transport rates could enable batteries that cost less and that have higher gravimetric and volumetric energy density, because they require fewer inactive cell-components. Finding ways to…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-05-14 V. Pavan Nemani , Stephen J. Harris , Kyle C. Smith

The recent geopolitical crisis resulted in a gas price surge. Although lithium-ion batteries represent the best available rechargeable battery technology, a significant energy and power density gap exists between LIBs and petrol/gasoline.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Dibakar Datta

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have an important role in the shift required to achieve a global net-zero carbon target of 2050. Electrode manufacture is amongst the most expensive steps of the LIB manufacturing process and, despite its…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Noël Hallemans , Philipp Dechent , David Howey , Simon Clark , Mona Faraji Niri , James Marco , Patrick S. Grant , Stephen R. Duncan

Lithium-bismuth bimetallic cells are amongst the best explored liquid metal batteries. A simple and fast quasi-one-dimensional cell voltage model for such devices is presented. The equilibrium cell potential is obtained from a complex…

By informing accurate performance (e.g., capacity), health state management plays a significant role in safeguarding battery and its powered system. While most current approaches are primarily based on data-driven methods, lacking in-depth…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-13 Yan Qin , Chau Yuen , Stefan Adams

Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries has gained extensive research interests, but most of existing methods are either based on simple rule-based charging profiles or require explicit battery models that are non-trivial to identify…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-18 Kaixiang Zhang , Kaian Chen , Xinfan Lin , Yusheng Zheng , Xunyun Yin , Xiaosong Hu , Ziyou Song , Zhaojian Li

Solid state battery technology has recently garnered considerable interest from companies including Toyota, BMW, Dyson, and others. The primary driver behind the commercialization of solid state batteries (SSBs) is to enable the use of…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-03-14 Andrew Ulvestad

The design and performance of liquid metal batteries, a new technology for grid-scale energy storage, depend on fluid mechanics because the battery electrodes and electrolytes are entirely liquid. Here we review prior and current research…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-10-10 Douglas H. Kelley , Tom Weier

This paper proposes physical-based, reduced-order electrochemical models that are much faster than the electrochemical pseudo 2D (P2D) model, while providing high accuracy even under the challenging conditions of high C-rate and strong…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-05-30 Tianhan Gao , Wei Lu

In recent years there has been a major interest in developing all solid state batteries, for the sake of safety (issues due to toxic and flammable organic liquid electrolytes are well known) as well as of high energy density…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-05-07 L. Cabras , V. Oancea , A. Salvadori

Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of electrode material properties in high energy density storage devices like lithium batteries have been standard practice for decades. In contrast, DFT modelling of explicit interfaces in…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-06-24 Kevin Leung

Supercapacitors are increasingly used as energy storage elements. Unlike batteries, their state of charge has a considerable influence on their voltage in normal operation, allowing them to work from zero to their maximum voltage. In this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-26 Jose Quintana , Alejandro Ramos , Moises Diaz , Ignacio Nuez

Quantum batteries, composed of quantum cells, are expected to outperform their classical analogs. The origin of such advantages lies in the role of quantum correlations, which may arise during the charging and discharging processes…

Battery short-term electrical impedance behavior varies between linear, linear time-varying, or nonlinear at different operating conditions. Data-based electrical impedance modeling techniques often model the battery as a linear…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-17 Rishi Relan , Koen Tiels , Jean-Marc Timmermans , Johan Schoukens

Electrochemical and equivalent-circuit modelling are the two most popular approaches to battery simulation, but the former is computationally expensive and the latter provides limited physical insight. A theoretical middle ground would be…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-06-05 Valentin Sulzer , S. Jon Chapman , Colin P. Please , David A. Howey , Charles W. Monroe

Porous electrode theory (PET) provides essential insights into electrochemical states, but its computational complexity hinders real-time control and obscures scaling relations. To bridge the gap between high-fidelity simulations and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Shakul Pathak , Martin Z. Bazant

Accurately predicting the future health of batteries is necessary to ensure reliable operation, minimise maintenance costs, and calculate the value of energy storage investments. The complex nature of degradation renders data-driven…

Applications · Statistics 2020-06-05 Robert R. Richardson , Michael A. Osborne , David A. Howey

We present high-quality reference data for two fundamentally important groups of molecular properties related to a compound's utility as a lithium battery electrolyte. The first property is energy changes associated with charge excitations…