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Agentic Reinforcement Learning (ARL) trains large language models to interleave reasoning with external tool execution to solve complex tasks. Most existing ARL methods train a single set of parameters to support both reasoning and tool-use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yu Li , Mingyang Yi , Xiuyu Li , Ju Fan , Fuxin Jiang , Binbin Chen , Peng Li , Jie Song , Tieying Zhang

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into healthcare is constrained by knowledge limitations, hallucinations, and a disconnect from Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) offers a solution,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Qiaoyu Zheng , Yuze Sun , Chaoyi Wu , Weike Zhao , Pengcheng Qiu , Yongguo Yu , Kun Sun , Jian Zhang , Yanfeng Wang , Ya Zhang , Weidi Xie

Despite their powerful text generation capabilities, large language models (LLMs) still struggle to effectively utilize external tools to solve complex tasks, a challenge known as tool learning. Existing methods primarily rely on supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yuanqing Yu , Zhefan Wang , Weizhi Ma , Shuai Wang , Chuhan Wu , Zhiqiang Guo , Min Zhang

Reasoning-capable large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on complex tasks but often exhibit overthinking after distillation, generating unnecessarily long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning even for simple inputs and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Feng Luo , Yu-Neng Chuang , Guanchu Wang , Hoang Anh Duy Le , Shaochen Zhong , Hongyi Liu , Jiayi Yuan , Yang Sui , Vladimir Braverman , Vipin Chaudhary , Xia Hu

Large vision-language models (VLMs) fine-tuned on specialized visual instruction-following data have exhibited impressive language reasoning capabilities across various scenarios. However, this fine-tuning paradigm may not be able to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yuexiang Zhai , Hao Bai , Zipeng Lin , Jiayi Pan , Shengbang Tong , Yifei Zhou , Alane Suhr , Saining Xie , Yann LeCun , Yi Ma , Sergey Levine

Multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) systems have the potential to enhance clinical decision-making by interpreting various types of medical data. However, the effectiveness of these models across all medical fields is uncertain. Each…

The pursuit of human-level artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly advanced the development of autonomous agents and Large Language Models (LLMs). LLMs are now widely utilized as decision-making agents for their ability to interpret…

Software issue resolution aims to address real-world issues in software repositories (e.g., bug fixing and efficiency optimization) based on natural language descriptions provided by users, representing a key aspect of software maintenance.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Zhonghao Jiang , David Lo , Zhongxin Liu

To address intricate real-world tasks, there has been a rising interest in tool utilization in applications of large language models (LLMs). To develop LLM-based agents, it usually requires LLMs to understand many tool functions from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Siyu Yuan , Kaitao Song , Jiangjie Chen , Xu Tan , Yongliang Shen , Ren Kan , Dongsheng Li , Deqing Yang

Vision language models (VLMs) are increasingly deployed as controllers with access to external tools for complex reasoning and decision-making, yet their effectiveness remains limited by the scarcity of high-quality multimodal trajectories…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Tajamul Ashraf , Umair Nawaz , Abdelrahman M. Shaker , Rao Anwer , Philip Torr , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Salman Khan

Language model (LM) agents have gained significant attention for their ability to autonomously complete tasks through interactions with environments, tools, and APIs. LM agents are primarily built with prompt engineering or supervised…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Renxi Wang , Rifo Ahmad Genadi , Bilal El Bouardi , Yongxin Wang , Fajri Koto , Zhengzhong Liu , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

Recent advances in the intrinsic reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have given rise to LLM-based agent systems that exhibit near-human performance on a variety of automated tasks. However, although these systems share…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Bingxi Zhao , Lin Geng Foo , Ping Hu , Christian Theobalt , Hossein Rahmani , Jun Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance their capabilities as AI assistants by integrating external tools, allowing them to access a wider range of information. While recent LLMs are typically fine-tuned with tool usage examples during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jie He , Jennifer Neville , Mengting Wan , Longqi Yang , Hui Liu , Xiaofeng Xu , Xia Song , Jeff Z. Pan , Pei Zhou

Although large language models (LLMs) have achieved excellent performance in a variety of evaluation benchmarks, they still struggle in complex reasoning tasks which require specific knowledge and multi-hop reasoning. To improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zhipeng Chen , Kun Zhou , Beichen Zhang , Zheng Gong , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

With the recent rapid advancement of Agentic Intelligence, agentic tool use in LLMs has become increasingly important. During multi-turn interactions between agents and users, the dynamic, uncertain, and stochastic nature of user demands…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Weikang Zhao , Xili Wang , Chengdi Ma , Lingbin Kong , Zhaohua Yang , Mingxiang Tuo , Xiaowei Shi , Yitao Zhai , Xunliang Cai

Clinical trials are critical for advancing medical treatments but remain prohibitively expensive and time-consuming. Accurate prediction of clinical trial outcomes can significantly reduce research and development costs and accelerate drug…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Fengze Liu , Haoyu Wang , Joonhyuk Cho , Dan Roth , Andrew W. Lo

Autonomous agent frameworks still struggle to reconcile long-term experiential learning with real-time, context-sensitive decision-making. In practice, this gap appears as static cognition, rigid workflow dependence, and inefficient context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Xiaoxing Wang , Ning Liao , Shikun Wei , Chen Tang , Feiyu Xiong

Evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is increasingly expensive, as the growing size and cross-modality complexity of benchmarks demand significant scoring efforts. To tackle with this difficulty, we introduce AutoJudger, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xuanwen Ding , Chengjun Pan , Zejun Li , Jiwen Zhang , Siyuan Wang , Zhongyu Wei

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown that Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning can substantially improve performance on complex reasoning tasks. At the same time, In-Context Learning (ICL) has become an important mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Rui Chu

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) extends LLM capabilities by leveraging external environments. However, existing methods lack the deliberation during sequential tool invocation required for strategic planning and self-correction. While RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yang He , Xiao Ding , Bibo Cai , Yufei Zhang , Kai Xiong , Zhouhao Sun , Bing Qin , Ting Liu