Related papers: Numeration systems without a dominant root and reg…
The symbolic representation of a number should be considered as a data structure, and the choice of data structure depends on the arithmetic operations that are to be performed. Numbers are almost universally represented using position…
Complete residue systems play an integral role in abstract algebra and number theory, and a description is typically found in any number theory textbook. This note provides a concise overview of complete residue systems, including a robust…
The resonance arrangement $\mathcal{A}_n$ is the arrangement of hyperplanes which has all non-zero $0/1$-vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$ as normal vectors. It is the adjoint of the Braid arrangement and is also called the all-subsets arrangement.…
An RGD system $\mathcal{D}$ is called \emph{linear w.r.t. a root basis $\mathcal{B}$} if the commutation relations between the root groups of $\mathcal{D}$ are `linear' in a certain sense. Moreover, $\mathcal{D}$ is called…
Let $\mathbb{K}$ be a number field of degree $k$ and let $\mathcal{O}$ be an order in $\mathbb{K}$. A \emph{generalized number system over $\mathcal{O}$} (GNS for short) is a pair $(p,\mathcal{D})$ where $p \in \mathcal{O}[x]$ is monic and…
Formal languages are sets of strings of symbols described by a set of rules specific to them. In this note, we discuss a certain class of formal languages, called regular languages, and put forward some elementary results. The properties of…
Our number system is a magnificent tool. But it is far from perfect. Can it be improved? In this paper some possibilities are discussed, including the use of a different base or directed (negative as well as positive) numerals. We also put…
Numbers are a basic part of how humans represent and describe the world around them. As a consequence, learning effective representations of numbers is critical for the success of large language models as they become more integrated into…
Prior work has shown that large language models (LLMs) often converge to accurate input embedding for numbers, based on sinusoidal representations. In this work, we quantify that these representations are in fact strikingly systematic, to…
Any system that is used for naming or representing numbers is a number system, also known as numeral system. The modern civilization is familiar with decimal number system using ten digits. However digital devices and computers use binary…
It is proven that, contrarily to the common belief, the notion of zero is not necessary for having positional representations of numbers. Namely, for any positive integer $k$, a positional representation with the symbols for $1, 2, \ldots,…
Let L be an infinite regular language on a totally ordered alphabet (A,<). Feeding a finite deterministic automaton (with output) with the words of L enumerated lexicographically with respect to < leads to an infinite sequence over the…
Simple method to improve traditional approaches to name taxa of higher ranks has been proposed. Instead of base name + postfixes (which vary between codes of nomenclature and sometimes not standardized at all), use numerical prefixes, where…
An archetypal problem discussed in computer science is the problem of searching for a given number in a given set of numbers. Other than sequential search, the classic solution is to sort the list of numbers and then apply binary search.…
A permutiple is a natural number whose representation in some base, $b>1$, is an integer multiple of a number whose base-$b$ representation has the same collection of digits. Previous efforts have made progress in finding such numbers using…
The well known binary and decimal representations of the integers, and other similar number systems, admit many generalisations. Here, we investigate whether still every integer could have a finite expansion on a given integer base b, when…
The rational base number system, introduced by Akiyama, Frougny, and Sakarovitch in 2008, is a generalization of the classical integer base number system. Within this framework two interesting families of infinite words emerge, called…
This work is the first to propose the concept of a semantic numeration system (SNS) as a certain class of context-based numeration methods. The development of the SNS concept required the introduction of fundamentally new concepts such as a…
We give a survey on classical and recent applications of dynamical systems to number theoretic problems. In particular, we focus on normal numbers, also including computational aspects. The main result is a sufficient condition for…
Recent research argues that exact recursive numeral systems optimize communicative efficiency by balancing a tradeoff between the size of the numeral lexicon and the average morphosyntactic complexity (roughly length in morphemes) of…