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Collaborative problem solving (CPS) enables student groups to complete learning tasks, construct knowledge, and solve problems. Previous research has argued the importance to examine the complexity of CPS, including its multimodality,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Fan Ouyang , Weiqi Xu , Mutlu Cukurova

Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is widely recognized as a critical 21st-century skill. Assessing CPS depends heavily on coding the communication data using a construct-relevant framework, and this process has long been a major…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Jiangang Hao , Wenju Cui , Patrick Kyllonen , Emily Kerzabi , Lei Liu , Michael Flor

Detecting collaborative and problem-solving behaviours from digital traces to interpret students' collaborative problem solving (CPS) competency is a long-term goal in the Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd) field. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 K. Wong , B. Wu , S. Bulathwela , M. Cukurova

Shared decision-making (SDM) is necessary to achieve patient-centred care. Currently no methodology exists to automatically measure SDM at scale. This study aimed to develop an automated approach to measure SDM by using language modelling…

Collaborative problem solving (CPS) competence is considered one of the essential 21st-century skills. To facilitate the assessment and learning of CPS competence, researchers have proposed a series of frameworks to conceptualize CPS and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Mengxiao Zhu , Xin Wang , Xiantao Wang , Zihang Chen , Wei Huang

Detecting collaborative problem solving (CPS) indicators from dialogue using machine learning techniques is a significant challenge for the field of AI in Education. Recent studies have explored the use of Bidirectional Encoder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Kester Wong , Sahan Bulathwela , Mutlu Cukurova

This study adopts an integrated distributed cognition and regulation of learning perspective to examine the collaboration patterns and dynamics of human-AI collaboration when college students collaborating with AI for complex…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhanxin Hao , Xiaobo Liu , Jiaxin Fan , Yun Long , Jifan Yu , Wenli Chen , Yu Zhang

Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is a complex cognitive, social, and emotional process that is increasingly prevalent in educational and professional settings. This study investigates the emotional states of individuals during CPS using…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Sifatul Anindho , Videep Venkatesha , Mariah Bradford , Anne M. Cleary , Nathaniel Blanchard

While a multi-agent approach based on large language models (LLMs) represents a promising strategy to surpass the capabilities of single models, its success is critically dependent on synergistic team composition. However, forming optimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Kotaro Furuya , Yuichi Kitagawa

Assessing communication and collaboration at scale depends on a labor-intensive task of coding communication data into categories according to different frameworks. Prior research has established that ChatGPT can be directly instructed with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiangang Hao , Wenju Cui , Patrick Kyllonen , Emily Kerzabi

Dialogue data has been a key source for understanding learning processes, offering critical insights into how students engage in collaborative discussions and how these interactions shape their knowledge construction. The advent of Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ying Na , Shihui Feng

As large language models (LLMs) advance, the ultimate vision for their role in science is emerging: we could build an AI collaborator to effectively assist human beings throughout the entire scientific research process. We refer to this…

Teamwork is a necessary competency for students that is often inadequately assessed. Towards providing a formative assessment of student teamwork, an automated natural language processing approach was developed to identify teamwork…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Junyoung Lee , Elizabeth Koh

Effective sentence embeddings that capture semantic nuances and generalize well across diverse contexts are crucial for natural language processing tasks. We address this challenge by applying SimCSE (Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Yumeng Wang , Ziran Zhou , Junjin Wang

Collaborative Problem-Solving (CPS) markers capture key aspects of effective teamwork, such as staying on task, avoiding interruptions, and generating constructive ideas. An AI system that reliably detects these markers could help teachers…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Videep Venkatesha , Mariah Bradford , Nathaniel Blanchard

K-12 classrooms consistently integrate collaboration as part of their learning experiences. However, owing to large classroom sizes, teachers do not have the time to properly assess each student and give them feedback. In this paper we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Anirudh Som , Sujeong Kim , Bladimir Lopez-Prado , Svati Dhamija , Nonye Alozie , Amir Tamrakar

Collaborative problem-solving (CPS) is a vital skill used both in the workplace and in educational environments. CPS is useful in tackling increasingly complex global, economic, and political issues and is considered a central 21st century…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Jacqueline G. Cavazos , Nia Nixon

Mental-health dialogue models are increasingly evaluated by AI-based evaluators, yet these evaluators often treat surface empathy, supportiveness, or fluency as evidence of safety. In this paper, we study a hidden failure mode that we call…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Tianze Han , Beining Xu , Hanbo Zhang , Yongming Lu

Research on Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) has traditionally examined how humans rely on one another cognitively and socially to accomplish tasks together. With the rapid advancement of AI and large language models, however, a new…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jaeyoon Choi , Mohammad Amin Samadi , Spencer JaQuay , Seehee Park , Nia Nixon

Aiming at the problems of computational inefficiency and insufficient interpretability faced by large models in complex tasks such as multi-round reasoning and multi-modal collaboration, this study proposes a three-layer collaboration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Luyan Zhang
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