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Assigning labels to instances is crucial for supervised machine learning. In this paper, we proposed a novel annotation method called Q&A labeling, which involves a question generator that asks questions about the labels of the instances to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Kota Kawamoto , Masato Uchida

Human data annotation, especially when involving experts, is often treated as an objective reference. However, many annotation tasks are inherently subjective, and annotators' judgments may evolve over time. This study investigates changes…

I present a tool which tells the quality of document or its usefulness based on annotations. Annotation may include comments, notes, observation, highlights, underline, explanation, question or help etc. comments are used for evaluative…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2011-11-08 Archana Shukla

This paper does not describe a novel method. Instead, it studies an essential foundation for reliable benchmarking and ultimately real-world application of AI-based image analysis: generating high-quality reference annotations. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Tim Rädsch , Annika Reinke , Vivienn Weru , Minu D. Tizabi , Nicholas Heller , Fabian Isensee , Annette Kopp-Schneider , Lena Maier-Hein

Information and communications technology and technology-enhanced learning have unquestionably transformed traditional teaching-learning processes and are positioned as key factors to promote quality education, one of the basic sustainable…

This paper investigates the automation of qualitative data analysis, focusing on inductive coding using large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional approaches that rely on deductive methods with predefined labels, this research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Angelina Parfenova , Andreas Marfurt , Alexander Denzler , Juergen Pfeffer

With the rapid accumulation of text data produced by data-driven techniques, the task of extracting "data annotations"--concise, high-quality data summaries from unstructured raw text--has become increasingly important. The recent advances…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Xiaoyu Zhang , Xiwei Xuan , Alden Dima , Thurston Sexton , Kwan-Liu Ma

Many complex discourse-level tasks can aid domain experts in their work but require costly expert annotations for data creation. To speed up and ease annotations, we investigate the viability of automatically generated annotation…

Data quality is crucial for training accurate, unbiased, and trustworthy machine learning models as well as for their correct evaluation. Recent works, however, have shown that even popular datasets used to train and evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jan-Christoph Klie , Richard Eckart de Castilho , Iryna Gurevych

Aggregating multiple annotations into a single ground truth label may hide valuable insights into annotator disagreement, particularly in tasks where subjectivity plays a crucial role. In this work, we explore methods for identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Amir Homayounirad , Enrico Liscio , Tong Wang , Catholijn M. Jonker , Luciano C. Siebert

Pairwise preferences over model responses are widely collected to evaluate and provide feedback to large language models (LLMs). Given two alternative model responses to the same input, a human or AI annotator selects the "better" response.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Arduin Findeis , Floris Weers , Guoli Yin , Ke Ye , Ruoming Pang , Tom Gunter

Collaborative tagging systems, such as Delicious, CiteULike, and others, allow users to annotate resources, e.g., Web pages or scientific papers, with descriptive labels called tags. The social annotations contributed by thousands of users,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-05-28 Anon Plangprasopchok , Kristina Lerman

LLM use in annotation is becoming widespread, and given LLMs' overall promising performance and speed, simply "reviewing" LLM annotations in interpretive tasks can be tempting. In subjective annotation tasks with multiple plausible answers,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Hope Schroeder , Deb Roy , Jad Kabbara

Recent research in the field of computer vision strongly focuses on deep learning architectures to tackle image processing problems. Deep neural networks are often considered in complex image processing scenarios since traditional computer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Marcel P. Schilling , Luca Rettenberger , Friedrich Münke , Haijun Cui , Anna A. Popova , Pavel A. Levkin , Ralf Mikut , Markus Reischl

Semantic annotation, the process of identifying key-phrases in texts and linking them to concepts in a knowledge base, is an important basis for semantic information retrieval and the Semantic Web uptake. Despite the emergence of semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Gagnon Michel , Zouaq Amal , Aranha Francisco , Ensan Faezeh , Jean-Louis Ludovic

Recent work has explored the use of personal information in the form of persona sentences or self-disclosures to improve modeling of individual characteristics and prediction of annotator labels for subjective tasks. The volume of personal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kieran Henderson , Kian Omoomi , Vasudha Varadarajan , Allison Lahnala , Charles Welch

With the growing prevalence of large language models, it is increasingly common to annotate datasets for machine learning using pools of crowd raters. However, these raters often work in isolation as individual crowdworkers. In this work,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Sonja Schmer-Galunder , Ruta Wheelock , Scott Friedman , Alyssa Chvasta , Zaria Jalan , Emily Saltz

Note-taking is a critical practice for capturing, organizing, and reflecting on information in both academic and professional settings. The recent success of large language models has accelerated the development of AI-assisted tools, yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Josh Wisoff , Yao Tang , Zhengyu Fang , Jordan Guzman , YuTang Wang , Alex Yu

Supervised classification heavily depends on datasets annotated by humans. However, in subjective tasks such as toxicity classification, these annotations often exhibit low agreement among raters. Annotations have commonly been aggregated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Negar Mokhberian , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Frederic R. Hopp , Valerio Basile , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Peer review in academic research aims not only to ensure factual correctness but also to identify work of high scientific potential that can shape future research directions. This task is especially critical in fast-moving fields such as…

Applications · Statistics 2025-11-26 Buxin Su , Natalie Collina , Garrett Wen , Didong Li , Kyunghyun Cho , Jianqing Fan , Bingxin Zhao , Weijie Su