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When output token counts can be predicted at submission time (Gan et al., 2026), client-side scheduling against a black-box LLM API becomes semi-clairvoyant: decisions condition on coarse token priors even though the provider's internals…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Renzhong Yuan , Yijun Zeng , Xiaosong Gao , Linxi Yu , Haochun Liao , Han Wang

Large language model (LLM) serving demands low latency and high throughput, but high load variability makes it challenging to achieve high GPU utilization. In this paper, we identify a synergetic but overlooked opportunity to co-serve…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yifan Qiao , Shu Anzai , Shan Yu , Haoran Ma , Shuo Yang , Yang Wang , Miryung Kim , Yongji Wu , Yang Zhou , Jiarong Xing , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica , Harry Xu

In production environments, large language model (LLM) serving is required to meet stringent service-level objectives (SLOs) amid highly variable request patterns. In practice, request lengths follow a long-tail distribution, which gives…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Qipeng Wang

Advance reservation is important to guarantee the quality of services of jobs by allowing exclusive access to resources over a defined time interval on resources. It is a challenge for the scheduler to organize available resources…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-03-06 Bo Li , Yijian Pei , Bin Shen , Hao Wu , Min He , Jundong Yang

Large Language Model (LLM) serving systems must balance task performance against monetary cost. Two prominent optimization techniques have emerged independently: LLM routing, which directs each query to the most cost-effective model in a…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Haotian Xu , Kangfei Zhao , Jiadong Xie

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven the need for more efficient serving strategies. In this context, efficiency refers to the proportion of requests that meet their Service Level Objectives (SLOs), particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Azam Ikram , Xiang Li , Sameh Elnikety , Saurabh Bagchi

The context window of large language models (LLMs) is rapidly increasing, leading to a huge variance in resource usage between different requests as well as between different phases of the same request. Restricted by static parallelism…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Bingyang Wu , Shengyu Liu , Yinmin Zhong , Peng Sun , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Achieving resource efficiency while preserving end-user experience is non-trivial for cloud application operators. As cloud applications progressively adopt microservices, resource managers are faced with two distinct levels of system…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Zibo Wang , Pinghe Li , Chieh-Jan Mike Liang , Feng Wu , Francis Y. Yan

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has created new opportunities across various fields but has also introduced significant challenges in resource management. Current LLM serving systems face a fundamental tension: balancing serving…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Jingfeng Wu , Yiyuan He , Minxian Xu , Xitong Gao , Kejiang Ye , Chengzhong Xu

As augmented large language models (LLMs) with external tools become increasingly popular in web applications, improving augmented LLM inference serving efficiency and optimizing service-level objectives (SLOs) are critical for enhancing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Ying Wang , Zhen Jin , Jiexiong Xu , Wenhai Lin , Yiquan Chen , Wenzhi Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, and organizations are racing to serve LLMs of varying sizes as endpoints for use-cases like chat, programming and search. However, efficiently serving multiple LLMs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Jiangfei Duan , Runyu Lu , Haojie Duanmu , Xiuhong Li , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang

Large language model (LLM) inference serving systems are essential to various LLM-based applications. As demand for LLM services continues to grow, scaling these systems to handle high request rates while meeting latency Service-Level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Shihong Gao , Xin Zhang , Yanyan Shen , Lei Chen

Large language models (LLMs) with different architectures and sizes have been developed. Serving each LLM with dedicated GPUs leads to resource waste and service inefficiency due to the varying demand of LLM requests. A common practice is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yihao Zhao , Jiadun Chen , Peng Sun , Lei Li , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

High-throughput inference serving is essential for applications built on large language models (LLMs). Existing serving frameworks reduce request-level and batch-level bubbles through batching and scheduling, but often overlook bubbles…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Fengyao Bai , Hongbin Zhang , Zhitao Chen , Jiangsu Du , Zhiguang Chen , Yutong Lu

Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Derrick Goh Xin Deik , Quanyu Long , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen , Wenya Wang

Modern large language model (LLM) applications exhibit diverse service-level objectives (SLOs), from low-latency requirements in interactive coding assistants to more relaxed constraints in data wrangling tasks. Existing LLM serving…

Recent breakthroughs in large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled various generative tasks on a single model. Real-world services (e.g., OpenAI's ChatGPT [27]) powered by an LLM often concurrently support latency-critical requests for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Wan Borui , Zhao Juntao , Jiang Chenyu , Guo Chuanxiong , Wu Chuan

Large language model (LLM) services are mostly centralized, leading to scalability bottlenecks and underutilization of substantial scattered GPU resources. While decentralization offers a promising alternative, existing frameworks primarily…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Huanyu Wang , Ziyu Xia , Zhuoming Chen , Beidi Chen

DistServe improves the performance of large language models (LLMs) serving by disaggregating the prefill and decoding computation. Existing LLM serving systems colocate the two phases and batch the computation of prefill and decoding across…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yinmin Zhong , Shengyu Liu , Junda Chen , Jianbo Hu , Yibo Zhu , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin , Hao Zhang

The exploration and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) is thriving. To reduce deployment costs, continuous batching has become an essential feature in current service frameworks. The effectiveness of continuous batching relies on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ruihao Gong , Shihao Bai , Siyu Wu , Yunqian Fan , Zaijun Wang , Xiuhong Li , Hailong Yang , Xianglong Liu