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Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a form of logic-based machine learning. The goal is to induce a hypothesis (a logic program) that generalises given training examples. As ILP turns 30, we review the last decade of research. We focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Andrew Cropper , Sebastijan Dumančić , Richard Evans , Stephen H. Muggleton

Solving Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) problems with neural networks is a key challenge in Neural-Symbolic Ar- tificial Intelligence (AI). While most research has focused on designing novel network architectures for individual prob-…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Bowen He , Xiaoan Xu , Alper Kamil Bozkurt , Vahid Tarokh , Juncheng Dong

A growing trend in program analysis is to encode verification conditions within the language of the input program. This simplifies the design of analysis tools by utilizing off-the-shelf verifiers, but makes communication with the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Scott Wesley , Maria Christakis , Jorge A. Navas , Richard Trefler , Valentin Wüstholz , Arie Gurfinkel

In-Context Learning (ICL) enables transformer-based language models to adapt to new tasks by conditioning on demonstration examples. However, traditional example-driven in-context learning lacks explicit modules for knowledge retrieval and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Pan Chen , Shaohong Chen , Mark Wang , Shi Xuan Leong , Priscilla Fung , Varinia Bernales , Alan Aspuru-Guzik

Inductive logic programming is a type of machine learning in which logic programs are learned from examples. This learning typically occurs relative to some background knowledge provided as a logic program. This dissertation introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Brad Hunter

Logical reasoning about program data often requires dealing with heap structures as well as scalar data types. Recent advances in Satisfiability Modular Theory (SMT) already offer efficient procedures for dealing with scalars, yet they lack…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-03-12 Juan Antonio Navarro-Pérez , Andrey Rybalchenko

We propose an efficient interpretable neuro-symbolic model to solve Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) problems. In this model, which is built from a set of meta-rules organised in a hierarchical structure, first-order rules are invented by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Claire Glanois , Xuening Feng , Zhaohui Jiang , Paul Weng , Matthieu Zimmer , Dong Li , Wulong Liu

Rules complement and extend ontologies on the Semantic Web. We refer to these rules as onto-relational since they combine DL-based ontology languages and Knowledge Representation formalisms supporting the relational data model within the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-10-30 Francesca A. Lisi

Integer linear programs (ILPs) are commonly employed to model diverse practical problems such as scheduling and planning. Recently, machine learning techniques have been utilized to solve ILPs. A straightforward idea is to train a model via…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-08 Qian Chen , Tianjian Zhang , Linxin Yang , Qingyu Han , Akang Wang , Ruoyu Sun , Xiaodong Luo , Tsung-Hui Chang

Current imitation learning approaches, predominantly based on deep neural networks (DNNs), offer efficient mechanisms for learning driving policies from real-world datasets. However, they suffer from inherent limitations in interpretability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Iman Sharifi , Mustafa Yildirim , Saber Fallah

In-context learning (ICL) allows large models to adapt to tasks using a few examples, yet its extension to vision-language models (VLMs) remains fragile. Our analysis reveals that the fundamental limitation lies in an inductive gap, models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Haoyu Wang , Haonan Wang , Yuyan Chen , Jun Chen , Gang Liu , Qian Wang , Jiahong Yan , Yanghua Xiao

The goal of inductive logic programming is to induce a logic program (a set of logical rules) that generalises training examples. Inducing programs with many rules and literals is a major challenge. To tackle this challenge, we introduce an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Andrew Cropper , Céline Hocquette

Formally specifying, let alone verifying, properties of systems involving multiple programming languages is inherently challenging. We introduce Heterogeneous Dynamic Logic (HDL), a framework for combining reasoning principles from distinct…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Samuel Teuber , Mattias Ulbrich , André Platzer , Bernhard Beckert

Probabilistic Inductive Logic Programming (PILP) is a rel- atively unexplored area of Statistical Relational Learning which extends classic Inductive Logic Programming (ILP). This work introduces SkILL, a Stochastic Inductive Logic Learner,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-06-03 Joana Côrte-Real , Theofrastos Mantadelis , Inês Dutra , Ricardo Rocha

Recently, deep learning models have made great progress in MWP solving on answer accuracy. However, they are uninterpretable since they mainly rely on shallow heuristics to achieve high performance without understanding and reasoning the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Zhicheng Yang , Jinghui Qin , Jiaqi Chen , Liang Lin , Xiaodan Liang

Learning first-order logic programs (LPs) from relational facts which yields intuitive insights into the data is a challenging topic in neuro-symbolic research. We introduce a novel differentiable inductive logic programming (ILP) model,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Kun Gao , Katsumi Inoue , Yongzhi Cao , Hanpin Wang

We present an approach to automatically synthesise recursive predicates in Separation Logic (SL) from concrete data structure instances using Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) techniques. The main challenges to make such synthesis effective…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Ziyi Yang , Ilya Sergey

Standpoint linear temporal logic SLTL is a recent formalism able to model possibly conflicting commitments made by distinct agents, taking into account aspects of temporal reasoning. In this paper, we analyse the computational properties of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Stéphane Demri , Przemysław Andrzej Wałęga

Rule learning-based models are widely used in highly interpretable scenarios due to their transparent structures. Inductive logic programming (ILP), a form of machine learning, induces rules from facts while maintaining interpretability.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Kun Gao , Katsumi Inoue , Yongzhi Cao , Hanpin Wang , Feng Yang

Common criticisms of state-of-the-art machine learning include poor generalisation, a lack of interpretability, and a need for large amounts of training data. We survey recent work in inductive logic programming (ILP), a form of machine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Andrew Cropper , Sebastijan Dumančić , Stephen H. Muggleton