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AI browsing agents are an emerging class of AI-powered bots capable of autonomously navigating websites. Unlike traditional web bots, AI browsing agents typically operate using real browsers and perform everyday tasks, making them difficult…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ethan Wang , Zubair Shafiq , Yash Vekaria

Large language model (LLM)-based computer-use agents represent a convergence of AI and OS capabilities, enabling natural language to control system- and application-level functions. However, due to LLMs' inherent uncertainty issues,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Haochen Gong , Chenxiao Li , Rui Chang , Wenbo Shen

AI web agents use Internet resources at far greater speed, scale, and complexity -- changing how users and services interact. Deployed maliciously or erroneously, these agents could overload content providers. At the same time, web agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Abhinav Kumar , Jaechul Roh , Ali Naseh , Amir Houmansadr , Eugene Bagdasarian

We demonstrate how AI-powered cybersecurity tools can be turned against themselves through prompt injection attacks. Prompt injection is reminiscent of cross-site scripting (XSS): malicious text is hidden within seemingly trusted content,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Víctor Mayoral-Vilches , Per Mannermaa Rynning

Recent improvement gains in large language models (LLMs) have lead to everyday usage of AI-based Conversational Agents (CAs). At the same time, LLMs are vulnerable to an array of threats, including jailbreaks and, for example, causing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Kathrin Grosse , Nico Ebert

An Artificial Intelligence (AI) agent is a software entity that autonomously performs tasks or makes decisions based on pre-defined objectives and data inputs. AI agents, capable of perceiving user inputs, reasoning and planning tasks, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Zehang Deng , Yongjian Guo , Changzhou Han , Wanlun Ma , Junwu Xiong , Sheng Wen , Yang Xiang

Efficiently solving real-world problems with LLMs increasingly hinges on their ability to interact with dynamic web environments and autonomously acquire external information. While recent research like Search-R1 and WebDancer demonstrates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Tao Yu , Zhengbo Zhang , Zhiheng Lyu , Junhao Gong , Hongzhu Yi , Xinming Wang , Yuxuan Zhou , Jiabing Yang , Ping Nie , Yan Huang , Wenhu Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents in offensive cybersecurity. In this paper, we reveal an interesting phenomenon: different agents exhibit distinct attack patterns. Specifically, each agent exhibits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Taein Lim , Seongyong Ju , Munhyeok Kim , Hyunjun Kim , Hoki Kim

AI systems are increasingly able to autonomously conduct realistic software engineering tasks, and may soon be deployed to automate machine learning (ML) R&D itself. Frontier AI systems may be deployed in safety-critical settings, including…

We describe WebSuite, the first diagnostic benchmark for generalist web agents, designed to systematically evaluate why agents fail. Advances in AI have led to the rise of numerous web agents that autonomously operate a browser to complete…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Eric Li , Jim Waldo

Over the past decades, superplatforms, digital companies that integrate a vast range of third-party services and applications into a single, unified ecosystem, have built their fortunes on monopolizing user attention through targeted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jianghao Lin , Jiachen Zhu , Zheli Zhou , Yunjia Xi , Weiwen Liu , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Tool-augmented Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automating complex, multi-step real-world tasks, yet remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection. Adversaries exploit this weakness by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Peixin Zhang , Jun Sun

The rapid proliferation of LLM-based autonomous agents in real operating system environments introduces a new category of safety risk beyond content safety: behavior jailbreak, where an adversary induces an agent to execute dangerous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chiyu Zhang , Huiqin Yang , Bendong Jiang , Xiaolei Zhang , Yiran Zhao , Ruyi Chen , Lu Zhou , Xiaogang Xu , Jiafei Wu , Liming Fang , Zhe Liu

Large language model (LLM) agents are vulnerable to prompt-injection attacks that propagate through multi-step workflows, tool interactions, and persistent context, making input-output filtering alone insufficient for reliable protection.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hailin Liu , Eugene Ilyushin , Jie Ni , Min Zhu

AI agents today are mostly siloed - they either retrieve and reason over vast amount of digital information and knowledge obtained online; or interact with the physical world through embodied perception, planning and action - but rarely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yining Hong , Rui Sun , Bingxuan Li , Xingcheng Yao , Maxine Wu , Alexander Chien , Da Yin , Ying Nian Wu , Zhecan James Wang , Kai-Wei Chang

LLM-powered AI agents require high-frequency state exploration (e.g., test-time tree search and reinforcement learning), relying on rapid checkpoint and rollback (C/R) of the complete sandbox state, including files and process state (e.g.,…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Yunpeng Dong , Jingkai He , Yuze Hou , Dong Du , Zhonghu Xu , Si Yu , Yubin Xia , Haibo Chen

Vision-Language Model (VLM) based Web Agents represent a significant step towards automating complex tasks by simulating human-like interaction with websites. However, their deployment in uncontrolled web environments introduces significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Haowei Wang , Junjie Wang , Xiaojun Jia , Rupeng Zhang , Mingyang Li , Zhe Liu , Yang Liu , Qing Wang

AI agents that take actions in their environment autonomously over extended time horizons require robust governance interventions to curb their potentially consequential risks. Prior proposals for governing AI agents primarily target…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-02 K. J. Kevin Feng , Tae Soo Kim , Rock Yuren Pang , Faria Huq , Tal August , Amy X. Zhang

LLM-based chatbot agents increasingly process user requests by combining natural-language reasoning with external tools such as web browsing. These capabilities improve usability, but they also create attack surfaces when untrusted external…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hongjang Yang , Hyunsik Na , Daeseon Choi

We use browsers daily to access all sorts of information. Because browsers routinely process scripts, media, and executable code from unknown sources, they form a critical security boundary between users and adversaries. A common attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Nils Bars , Lukas Bernhard , Moritz Schloegel , Thorsten Holz