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Text-based foundation models have become an important part of scientific discovery, with molecular foundation models accelerating advancements in material science and molecular design.However, existing models are constrained by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Alexius Wadell , Anoushka Bhutani , Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan

Automated computational analysis of the vast chemical space is critical for numerous fields of research such as drug discovery and material science. Representation learning techniques have recently been employed with the primary objective…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-05-26 Atakan Yüksel , Erva Ulusoy , Atabey Ünlü , Tunca Doğan

Recent advancements in computational chemistry have leveraged the power of trans-former-based language models, such as MoLFormer, pre-trained using a vast amount of simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) sequences, to…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-05 Tianhao Peng , Yuchen Li , Xuhong Li , Jiang Bian , Zeke Xie , Ning Sui , Shahid Mumtaz , Yanwu Xu , Linghe Kong , Haoyi Xiong

The simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) is the most popular representation of chemical compounds. Therefore, many SMILES-based molecular property prediction models have been developed. In particular, transformer-based…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-03 Ingoo Lee , Hojung Nam

SMILES is a linear representation of chemical structures which encodes the connection table, and the stereochemistry of a molecule as a line of text with a grammar structure denoting atoms, bonds, rings and chains, and this information can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Arindam Paul , Dipendra Jha , Reda Al-Bahrani , Wei-keng Liao , Alok Choudhary , Ankit Agrawal

Representing molecular structures effectively in chemistry remains a challenging task. Language models and graph-based models are extensively utilized within this domain, consistently achieving state-of-the-art results across an array of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Nikolai Rekut , Alexey Orlov , Klea Ziu , Elizaveta Starykh , Martin Takac , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Understanding and predicting polymer solubility in various solvents is critical for applications ranging from recycling to pharmaceutical formulation. This work presents a deep learning framework that predicts polymer solubility, expressed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Andrew Reinhard

Models based on machine learning can enable accurate and fast molecular property predictions, which is of interest in drug discovery and material design. Various supervised machine learning models have demonstrated promising performance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Jerret Ross , Brian Belgodere , Vijil Chenthamarakshan , Inkit Padhi , Youssef Mroueh , Payel Das

Polymers are widely-studied materials with diverse properties and applications determined by different molecular structures. It is essential to represent these structures clearly and explore the full space of achievable chemical designs.…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-05-13 Minghao Guo , Wan Shou , Liane Makatura , Timothy Erps , Michael Foshey , Wojciech Matusik

Can large language models predict physical and mechanical polymer properties simply by reading unstructured scientific prose? Polymer performance is rarely determined by chemical structure alone; identical nominal polymers can exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yuchu Liu , Rui Zhu , Jingwei Xiong , Haixu Tang

Molecular representation learning is fundamental for many drug related applications. Most existing molecular pre-training models are limited in using single molecular modality, either SMILES or graph representation. To effectively leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Shikun Feng , Lixin Yang , Yanwen Huang , Yuyan Ni , Weiying Ma , Yanyan Lan

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly recognized as powerful tools for scientific discovery, particularly in molecular science. A fundamental requirement for these models is the ability to accurately understand molecular structures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yunhui Jang , Jaehyung Kim , Sungsoo Ahn

On-demand Polymer discovery is essential for various industries, ranging from biomedical to reinforcement materials. Experiments with polymers have a long trial-and-error process, leading to use of extensive resources. For these processes,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Vani Nigam , Achuth Chandrasekhar , Amir Barati Farimani

Chemical representation learning has gained increasing interest due to the limited availability of supervised data in fields such as drug and materials design. This interest particularly extends to chemical language representation learning,…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-08-06 Jun-Hyung Park , Yeachan Kim , Mingyu Lee , Hyuntae Park , SangKeun Lee

Effective representation of molecules is a crucial factor affecting the performance of artificial intelligence models. This study introduces a flexible, fragment-based, multiscale molecular representation framework called t-SMILES…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Juan-Ni Wu , Tong Wang , Yue Chen , Li-Juan Tang , Hai-Long Wu , Ru-Qin Yu

Large-scale pre-training methodologies for chemical language models represent a breakthrough in cheminformatics. These methods excel in tasks such as property prediction and molecule generation by learning contextualized representations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Eduardo Soares , Victor Shirasuna , Emilio Vital Brazil , Renato Cerqueira , Dmitry Zubarev , Kristin Schmidt

Chemical reaction prediction, involving forward synthesis and retrosynthesis prediction, is a fundamental problem in organic synthesis. A popular computational paradigm formulates synthesis prediction as a sequence-to-sequence translation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Zipeng Zhong , Jie Song , Zunlei Feng , Tiantao Liu , Lingxiang Jia , Shaolun Yao , Min Wu , Tingjun Hou , Mingli Song

We introduce Functional Group-Aware Representations for Small Molecules (FARM), a novel foundation model designed to bridge the gap between SMILES, natural language, and molecular graphs. The key idea behind FARM is the incorporation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Thao Nguyen , Kuan-Hao Huang , Ge Liu , Martin D. Burke , Ying Diao , Heng Ji

Molecular property prediction has gained significant attention due to its transformative potential in multiple scientific disciplines. Conventionally, a molecule graph can be represented either as a graph-structured data or a SMILES text.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Chen Qian , Huayi Tang , Zhirui Yang , Hong Liang , Yong Liu

Traditional molecular string representations, such as SMILES, often pose challenges for AI-driven molecular design due to their non-sequential depiction of molecular substructures. To address this issue, we introduce Sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Emmanuel Noutahi , Cristian Gabellini , Michael Craig , Jonathan S. C Lim , Prudencio Tossou
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