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Simulating quantum physics with a device which itself is quantum mechanical, a notion Richard Feynman originated, would be an unparallelled computational resource. However, the universal quantum simulation of fermionic systems is daunting…

Quantum computing has emerged as a powerful potential accelerator for computational fluid dynamics (CFD), but whether this promise can be realized in practice depends on how fluid information is encoded on quantum hardware. This review…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Omer Rathore , Alastair Basden , Nicholas Chancellor , Halim Kusumaatmaja

We present a method for encoding second-quantized fermionic systems in qubits when the number of fermions is conserved, as in the electronic structure problem. When the number $F$ of fermions is much smaller than the number $M$ of modes,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-09 William Kirby , Bryce Fuller , Charles Hadfield , Antonio Mezzacapo

Mapping fermionic systems to qubits on a quantum computer is often the first step for algorithms in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics. However, it is difficult to reconcile the many different approaches that have been proposed,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Haytham McDowall-Rose , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh

In ab-initio electronic structure simulations, fermion-to-qubit mappings represent the initial encoding step of the fermionic problem into qubits. This work introduces a physically-inspired method for constructing mappings that…

Solving the electronic structure problem via unitary evolution of the electronic Hamiltonian is one of the promising applications of digital quantum computers. One of the practical strategies to implement the unitary evolution is via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Luis A. Martínez-Martínez , Tzu-Ching Yen , Artur F. Izmaylov

The study of many-body quantum dynamics in strongly-correlated systems is extremely challenging. To date few numerical methods exist which are capable of simulating the non-equilibrium dynamics of two-dimensional quantum systems, in part…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-17 S. J. Thomson , J. Eisert

A potential approach for demonstrating quantum advantage is using quantum computers to simulate fermionic systems. Quantum algorithms for fermionic system simulation usually involve the Hamiltonian evolution and measurements. However, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Qing-Song Li , Jiaxuan Zhang , Huan-Yu Liu , Qingchun Wang , Yu-Chun Wu , Guo-Ping Guo

Simulating many-body fermionic systems in conventional qubit-based quantum computers poses significant challenges due to the overheads associated with the encoding of fermionic statistics in qubits, leading to the proposal of native…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Ahana Ghoshal , Carlos de Gois , Kiara Hansenne , Otfried Gühne , Hai-Chau Nguyen

We apply the method of flow equations to describe quantum systems subject to a time-periodic drive with a time-dependent envelope. The driven Hamiltonian is expressed in terms of its constituent Fourier harmonics with amplitudes that may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-12 Viktor Novičenko , Giedrius Žlabys , Egidijus Anisimovas

In digital quantum simulation of fermionic models with qubits, non-local maps for encoding are often encountered. Such maps require linear or logarithmic overhead in circuit depth which could render the simulation useless, for a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-28 Guanyu Zhu , Yigit Subasi , James D. Whitfield , Mohammad Hafezi

This paper introduces Fermihedral, a compiler framework focusing on discovering the optimal Fermion-to-qubit encoding for targeted Fermionic Hamiltonians. Fermion-to-qubit encoding is a crucial step in harnessing quantum computing for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-28 Yuhao Liu , Shize Che , Junyu Zhou , Yunong Shi , Gushu Li

In this work we propose an approach for implementing time-evolution of a quantum system using product formulas. The quantum algorithms we develop have provably better scaling (in terms of gate complexity and circuit depth) than a naive…

The first generation of multi-qubit quantum technologies will consist of noisy, intermediate-scale devices for which active error correction remains out of reach. To exploit such devices, it is thus imperative to use passive error…

Mappings between fermions and qubits are valuable constructions in physics. To date only a handful exist. In addition to revealing dualities between fermionic and spin systems, such mappings are indispensable in any quantum simulation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Charles Derby , Joel Klassen

Fermion-to-qubit mappings play a crucial role in representing fermionic interactions on a quantum computer. Efficient mappings translate fermionic modes of a system to qubit interactions with a high degree of locality while using few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-12 Oliver O'Brien , Sergii Strelchuk

We investigate the quantum computing of the vibrational dynamics of CO$_2$ and H$_2$O by constructing the vibrational Hamiltonian in qubit and qudit form by two types of qubit encodings (binary and direct) and a qudit encoding. We simulate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Erik Lötstedt , Kaoru Yamanouchi

Simulating fermionic lattice models with qubits requires mapping fermionic degrees of freedom to qubits. The simplest method for this task, the Jordan-Wigner transformation, yields strings of Pauli operators acting on an extensive number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-05 Vojtěch Havlíček , Matthias Troyer , James D. Whitfield

We propose a new variational quantum algorithm, which we refer to as TIMES-ADAPT, that prepares time-evolved states in a low-energy or symmetric subspace of a time-independent Hamiltonian on a quantum computer. Using a specially trained…

Although qubit coherence times and gate fidelities are continuously improving, logical encoding is essential to achieve fault tolerance in quantum computing. In most encoding schemes, correcting or tracking errors throughout the computation…