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Penetration-testing is crucial for identifying system vulnerabilities, with privilege-escalation being a critical subtask to gain elevated access to protected resources. Language Models (LLMs) presents new avenues for automating these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Andreas Happe , Aaron Kaplan , Juergen Cito

LLM-based agents are becoming increasingly capable, yet their safety lags behind. This creates a gap between what agents can do and should do. This gap widens as agents engage in multi-turn interactions and employ diverse tools, introducing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xu Li , Simon Yu , Minzhou Pan , Yiyou Sun , Bo Li , Dawn Song , Xue Lin , Weiyan Shi

Large language model (LLM) personalization aims to adapt general-purpose models to individual users. Most existing methods, however, are developed under data-rich and resource-abundant settings, often incurring privacy risks. In contrast,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Junho Park , Dohoon Kim , Taesup Moon

In enterprise settings, organizational data is segregated, siloed and carefully protected by elaborate access control frameworks. These access control structures can completely break down if an LLM fine-tuned on the siloed data serves…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Bargav Jayaraman , Virendra J. Marathe , Hamid Mozaffari , William F. Shen , Krishnaram Kenthapadi

Agents built on LLMs are increasingly deployed across diverse domains, automating complex decision-making and task execution. However, their autonomy introduces safety risks, including security vulnerabilities, legal violations, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Haoyu Wang , Christopher M. Poskitt , Jun Sun

Large Language Model (LLM) agents significantly extend the capabilities of standalone LLMs, empowering them to interact with external tools (e.g., APIs, functions) and complete various tasks in a self-directed fashion. The challenge of tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Weizhou Shen , Chenliang Li , Hongzhan Chen , Ming Yan , Xiaojun Quan , Hehong Chen , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly used to automate complex workflows, but integrating untrusted external data with privileged execution exposes them to severe security risks, particularly direct and indirect prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zonghao Ying , Haozheng Wang , Jiangfan Liu , Quanchen Zou , Aishan Liu , Jian Yang , Yaodong Yang , Xianglong Liu

Recent advances in LLM Multi-Agent Systems enable scalable orchestration of sub-agents, each coordinating hundreds or thousands of tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers. However, existing retrieval methods typically match queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Elias Lumer , Faheem Nizar , Anmol Gulati , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable capabilities to comprehend human intentions, engage in reasoning, and design planning-like behavior. To further unleash the power of LLMs to accomplish complex tasks, there…

The proliferation of LLM-based conversational agents has resulted in excessive disclosure of identifiable or sensitive information. However, existing technologies fail to offer perceptible control or account for users' personal preferences…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Jijie Zhou , Eryue Xu , Yaoyao Wu , Tianshi Li

Penetration testing and vulnerability assessment are essential industry practices for safeguarding computer systems. As cyber threats grow in scale and complexity, the demand for pentesting has surged, surpassing the capacity of human…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yasod Ginige , Akila Niroshan , Sajal Jain , Suranga Seneviratne

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable problem-solving capabilities by autonomously integrating with external tools for collaborative reasoning. However, due to the inherently complex and diverse nature of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Mengjie Deng , Guanting Dong , Zhicheng Dou

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agent systems are increasingly deployed for complex real-world tasks but remain vulnerable to natural language-based attacks that exploit over-privileged tool use. This paper aims to understand and mitigate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zimo Ji , Daoyuan Wu , Wenyuan Jiang , Pingchuan Ma , Zongjie Li , Yudong Gao , Shuai Wang , Yingjiu Li

Precise access control decisions are crucial for the security of both traditional applications and emerging agent-based systems. Typically, these decisions are made by users during app installation or at runtime. However, due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Friederike Groschupp , Daniele Lain , Aritra Dhar , Lara Magdalena Lazier , Srdjan Čapkun

While LLM-based agents can interact with environments via invoking external tools, their expanded capabilities also amplify security risks. Monitoring step-level tool invocation behaviors in real time and proactively intervening before…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yutao Mou , Zhangchi Xue , Lijun Li , Peiyang Liu , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye , Jing Shao

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents powered by multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown greater promise for human-interaction. However, due to the high fine-tuning cost, users often rely on open-source GUI agents or APIs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Pengzhou Cheng , Haowen Hu , Zheng Wu , Zongru Wu , Tianjie Ju , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Autonomous AI agents that can follow instructions and perform complex multi-step tasks have tremendous potential to boost human productivity. However, to perform many of these tasks, the agents need access to personal information from their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Arman Zharmagambetov , Chuan Guo , Ivan Evtimov , Maya Pavlova , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Kamalika Chaudhuri

Large language models (LLMs) can now access a wide range of external tools, thanks to the Model Context Protocol (MCP). This greatly expands their abilities as various agents. However, LLMs rely entirely on the text descriptions of tools to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Kazem Faghih , Wenxiao Wang , Yize Cheng , Siddhant Bharti , Gaurang Sriramanan , Sriram Balasubramanian , Parsa Hosseini , Soheil Feizi

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents with complex reasoning and task-fulfillment capabilities using a wide range of tools. However, effectively identifying the most relevant tools for a given task…

Agentic systems are increasingly acting on users' behalf, accessing calendars, email, and personal files to complete everyday tasks. Privacy evaluation for these systems has focused on the input and output boundaries, but each task involves…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ivoline C. Ngong , Keerthiram Murugesan , Swanand Kadhe , Justin D. Weisz , Amit Dhurandhar , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy