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Cryptoeconomic systems derive their power but can not be controlled by the underlying software systems and the rules they enshrine. This adds a level of complexity to the software design process. At the same time, such systems, when…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Mark C. Ballandies , Marcus M. Dapp , Benjamin A. Degenhart , Dirk Helbing

Stablecoins and central bank digital currencies are on the horizon in Asia, and in some cases have already arrived. This paper provides new analysis and a critique of the use case for both forms of digital currency. It provides time-varying…

General Economics · Economics 2022-02-16 Barry Eichengreen , Ganesh Viswanath-Natraj

Cryptographic tokens are a new digital paradigm that can facilitate the establishment of economic incentives in digital ecoystems. Tokens can be leveraged for the coordination, optimization and governance of large networks at scale in a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Ricky Lamberty , Alexander Poddey , David Galindo , Danny de Waard , Tobias Koelbel , Daniel Kirste

Designing automated market makers (AMMs) is crucial for decentralized token exchanges in cryptoeconomic systems. At the intersection of software engineering and economics, AMM design is complex and, if done incorrectly, can lead to…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-03-24 Daniel Kirste , Niclas Kannengießer , Ricky Lamberty , Ali Sunyaev

In this paper, we use a variety of machine learning methods to quantify the extent to which economic and technological factors are predictive of the progression of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) within a country, using as our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Toshiko Matsui , Daniel Perez

The current crisis, at the time of writing, has had a profound impact on the financial world, introducing the need for creative approaches to revitalising the economy at the micro level as well as the macro level. In this informal analysis…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Geoffrey Goodell , Hazem Danny Al-Nakib , Paolo Tasca

The European Central Bank is preparing for the potential issuance of a central bank digital currency (CBDC), called the digital euro. A recent regulatory proposal by the European Commission defines several requirements for the digital euro,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Carolin Beer , Sheila Zingg , Kari Kostiainen , Karl Wüst , Vedran Capkun , Srdjan Capkun

With the advent of decentralised digital currencies powered by blockchain technology, a new era of peer-to-peer transactions has commenced. The rapid growth of the cryptocurrency economy has led to increased use of transaction-enabling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Yimika Erinle , Yathin Kethepalli , Yebo Feng , Jiahua Xu

The fast-growing, market-driven demand for cryptocurrencies worries central banks, as their monetary policy could be completely undermined. Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) could offer a solution, yet our understanding of their…

General Economics · Economics 2022-11-02 Kilian Wenker

We propose a Central Bank Digital Currency Evaluation and Verification (CEV) Framework for recommending and verifying technical solutions in the central bank digital currency (CBDC) system. We demonstrate two sub-frameworks: an evaluation…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Si Yuan Jin , Yong Xia

The proposed framework introduces a novel multidimensional representation of money using tensor analysis, enabling a more granular examination of economic interactions and capital flow. By treating money as a multidimensional entity, this…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-04-10 Mario R. Pinheiro , Mario J. Pinheiro

This paper delves into the spectrum of credit risks associated with decentralized stablecoin issuance, ranging from overcollateralized lending to business-to-business credit. It examines the mechanisms, risks, and mitigation strategies at…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-11-22 Yuval Boneh , Ethan Jones

In this paper, we make a case that endogenous tokens such as cryptoassets are not money. First, we define and classify tokens found on public, permissionless ledgers, contrasting them with privately issued stablecoins and proposed CBDC…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Alex Lynham , Geoffrey Goodell

Programmable money, enabled by digital currencies, facilitates outcomes beyond simple payments by allowing users to attach conditions to the movement of funds through code. However, there is a lack of clarity on defining programmable money,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Nikhil George , Thaddeus Dryja , Neha Narula

Blockchain technology has spawned a vast ecosystem of digital currencies with Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) -- digital forms of fiat currency -- being one of them. An important feature of digital currencies is facilitating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Panagiotis Michalopoulos , Anthony Mack , Cameron Clark , Linus Chen , Johannes Sedlmeir , Andreas Veneris

This article discusses the implementation of programmable money on DLT-based CBDCs. After briefly introducing what programmable money is, we enumerate some initiatives worldwide and discuss the critical steps for implementation. We look at…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Arlindo F. da Conceição , Roman Vitenberg

A multidimensional financial system could provide benefits for individuals, companies, and states. Instead of top-down control, which is destined to eventually fail in a hyperconnected world, a bottom-up creation of value can unleash…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-12-30 Kaj-Kolja Kleineberg , Dirk Helbing

With the rapid spread of generative AI services, the token has gained value not only as a technical unit of language processing but also as an economic currency for accessing AI services. Major AI model providers have adopted token-based…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Jaeyong Lee , Heeju Kang , Ahra Cho , Baek Eunkyung

With lots of freemium and premium, open and closed source software tools that are available in the market for dealing with different activities of Technical Debt management across different dimensions, identifying the right set of tools for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Dwarak Govind Parthiban

In India, post the demonetization exercise in 2016, digital payments have become extremely popular. Among them, the volume of transactions using Paytm wallets and UPI (Unified Payment Interface) have grown manifold. The lockdowns due to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Shreekanth M Prabhu , Natarajan Subramanyam , Ms. Shreya P Krishnan , Ms. Brindavana Sachidananda