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Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly operate in settings where a single context window is far too small to capture what has happened, what was learned, and what should not be repeated. Memory -- the ability to persist, organize,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Pengfei Du

Large language model (LLM) agents face fundamental limitations in long-horizon reasoning due to finite context windows, making effective memory management critical. Existing methods typically handle long-term memory (LTM) and short-term…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yi Yu , Liuyi Yao , Yuexiang Xie , Qingquan Tan , Jiaqi Feng , Yaliang Li , Libing Wu

Self-evolving memory serves as the trainable parameters for Large Language Models (LLMs)-based agents, where extraction (distilling insights from experience) and management (updating the memory bank) must be tightly coordinated. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yongshi Ye , Hui Jiang , Feihu Jiang , Tian Lan , Yichao Du , Biao Fu , Xiaodong Shi , Qianghuai Jia , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo

An ideal embodied agent should possess lifelong learning capabilities to handle long-horizon and complex tasks, enabling continuous operation in general environments. This not only requires the agent to accurately accomplish given tasks but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Sen Wang , Bangwei Liu , Zhenkun Gao , Lizhuang Ma , Xuhong Wang , Yuan Xie , Xin Tan

Long-term memory is essential for LLM agents that operate across multiple sessions, yet existing memory systems treat retrieval infrastructure as fixed: stored content evolves while scoring functions, fusion strategies, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Jiaqi Liu , Xinyu Ye , Peng Xia , Zeyu Zheng , Cihang Xie , Mingyu Ding , Huaxiu Yao

Large language models (LLMs) excel at many NLP tasks but struggle to sustain long-term interactions due to limited attention over extended dialogue histories. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates this issue but lacks reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Chunliang Chen , Ming Guan , Xiao Lin , Jiaxu Li , Luxi Lin , Qiyi Wang , Xiangyu Chen , Jixiang Luo , Changzhi Sun , Dell Zhang , Xuelong Li

Existing memory systems enable Large Language Models (LLMs) to support long-horizon human-LLM interactions by persisting historical interactions beyond limited context windows. However, while recent approaches have succeeded in constructing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haidong Xin , Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Cheng Yang , Yu Gu , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun

While large language model (LLM) agents can effectively use external tools for complex real-world tasks, they require memory systems to leverage historical experiences. Current memory systems enable basic storage and retrieval but lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Wujiang Xu , Zujie Liang , Kai Mei , Hang Gao , Juntao Tan , Yongfeng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as intelligent agents that reason, plan, and interact with their environments. To effectively scale to long-horizon scenarios, a key capability for such agents is a memory mechanism…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yuyang Hu , Jiongnan Liu , Jiejun Tan , Yutao Zhu , Zhicheng Dou

Deep search has recently emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling agents to retrieve fine-grained historical information without heavy memory pre-managed. However, existing deep search agents for memory system repeat past error…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Xinyuan Wang , Wenyu Mao , Junkang Wu , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

MLLMs exhibit strong reasoning on isolated queries, yet they operate de novo -- solving each problem independently and often repeating the same mistakes. Existing memory-augmented agents mainly store past trajectories for reuse. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Weihao Bo , Shan Zhang , Yanpeng Sun , Jingjing Wu , Qunyi Xie , Xiao Tan , Kunbin Chen , Wei He , Xiaofan Li , Na Zhao , Jingdong Wang , Zechao Li

Autonomous LLM agents require structured long-term memory, yet current "append-and-evolve" systems like A-MEM face O(N^2) write-latency and excessive token costs. We introduce D-MEM (Dopamine-Gated Agentic Memory), a biologically inspired…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-17 Yuru Song , Qi Xin

Recent benchmarks for Large Language Model (LLM) agents mainly evaluate reasoning, planning, and execution. However, memory is also essential for agents, as it enables them to store, update, and retrieve information over time. This ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuyao Wang , Zhongjian Zhang , Mo Chi , Kaichi Yu , Yuhan Li , Miao Peng , Bing Tong , Chen Zhang , Yan Zhou , Jia Li

Long-term memory is crucial for agents in specialized web environments, where success depends on recalling interface affordances, state dynamics, workflows, and recurring failure modes. However, existing memory benchmarks for agents mostly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Di Wu , Zixiang Ji , Asmi Kawatkar , Bryan Kwan , Jia-Chen Gu , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang

Large language models deployed as autonomous agents face critical memory limitations, lacking selective forgetting mechanisms that lead to either catastrophic forgetting at context boundaries or information overload within them. While human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Lei Wei , Xiao Peng , Xu Dong , Niantao Xie , Bin Wang

Effective memory management is essential for large language model (LLM) agents handling long-term interactions. Current memory frameworks typically treat agents as passive "recorders" and retrieve information without understanding its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiaohui Zhang , Zequn Sun , Chengyuan Yang , Yaqin Jin , Yazhong Zhang , Wei Hu

Embodied task planning requires agents to execute long-horizon, goal-directed actions in complex 3D environments, where success depends on both immediate perception and accumulated experience across tasks. However, most existing LLM-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xiaoyu Ma , Lianyu Hu , Wenbing Tang , Zixuan Hu , Zeqin Liao , Zhizhen Wu , Yang Liu

While large language model--powered agents can self-evolve by accumulating experience or by dynamically creating new assets (i.e., tools or expert agents), existing frameworks typically treat these two evolutionary processes in isolation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zihao Cheng , Zeming Liu , Yingyu Shan , Xinyi Wang , Xiangrong Zhu , Yunpu Ma , Hongru Wang , Yuhang Guo , Wei Lin , Yunhong Wang

Memory is critical for enabling large language model (LLM) based agents to maintain coherent behavior over long-horizon interactions. However, existing agent memory systems suffer from two key gaps: they rely on a one-size-fits-all memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mingfei Lu , Mengjia Wu , Feng Liu , Jiawei Xu , Weikai Li , Haoyang Wang , Zhengdong Hu , Ying Ding , Yizhou Sun , Jie Lu , Yi Zhang

Memory emerges as the core module in the large language model (LLM)-based agents for long-horizon complex tasks (e.g., multi-turn dialogue, game playing, scientific discovery), where memory can enable knowledge accumulation, iterative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yanchen Wu , Tenghui Lin , Yingli Zhou , Fangyuan Zhang , Qintian Guo , Xun Zhou , Sibo Wang , Xilin Liu , Yuchi Ma , Yixiang Fang