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Neural sentence embedding models for dense retrieval typically rely on binary relevance labels, treating query-document pairs as either relevant or irrelevant. However, real-world relevance often exists on a continuum, and recent advances…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Christos Tsirigotis , Vaibhav Adlakha , Joao Monteiro , Aaron Courville , Perouz Taslakian

AI-powered binary code similarity detection (BinSD), which transforms intricate binary code comparison to the distance measure of code embedding through neural networks, has been widely applied to program analysis. However, due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Lirong Fu , Peiyu Liu , Wenlong Meng , Kangjie Lu , Shize Zhou , Xuhong Zhang , Wenzhi Chen , Shouling Ji

Supervised hashing aims to map the original features to compact binary codes that are able to preserve label based similarity in the Hamming space. Non-linear hash functions have demonstrated the advantage over linear ones due to their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Guosheng Lin , Chunhua Shen , Qinfeng Shi , Anton van den Hengel , David Suter

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years, driving their adoption across a wide range of domains, including computer security. In reverse engineering, LLMs are increasingly applied to critical tasks such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jun Yeon Won , Xin Jin , Shiqing Ma , Zhiqiang Lin

While much of the current research in deep learning-based vulnerability detection relies on disassembled binaries, this paper explores the feasibility of extracting features directly from raw x86-64 machine code. Although assembly language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Mitchell Petingola

Compiler optimization level recognition can be applied to vulnerability discovery and binary analysis. Due to the exists of many different compilation optimization options, the difference in the contents of the binary file is very…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Shouguo Yang , Zhiqiang Shi , Guodong Zhang , Mingxuan Li , Yuan Ma , Limin Sun

In recent years, cross-modal retrieval has drawn much attention due to the rapid growth of multimodal data. It takes one type of data as the query to retrieve relevant data of another type. For example, a user can use a text to retrieve…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-07-22 Kaiye Wang , Qiyue Yin , Wei Wang , Shu Wu , Liang Wang

Binary Function Similarity (BFS), the problem of determining whether two binary functions originate from the same source code, has been extensively studied in recent research across security, software engineering, and machine learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Gianluca Capozzi , Anna Paola Giancaspro , Fabio Petroni , Leonardo Querzoni , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna

The cross-media retrieval problem has received much attention in recent years due to the rapid increasing of multimedia data on the Internet. A new approach to the problem has been raised which intends to match features of different…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2015-12-18 Cuicui Kang , Shengcai Liao , Yonghao He , Jian Wang , Wenjia Niu , Shiming Xiang , Chunhong Pan

Given a binary executable without source code, it is difficult to determine what each function in the binary does by reverse engineering it, and even harder without prior experience and context. In this paper, we performed a comparison of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Haoxi Tan

A wide range of binary analysis applications, such as bug discovery, malware analysis and code clone detection, require recovery of contextual meanings on a binary code. Recently, binary analysis techniques based on machine learning have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Hyungjoon Koo , Soyeon Park , Daejin Choi , Taesoo Kim

Most image-text retrieval work adopts binary labels indicating whether a pair of image and text matches or not. Such a binary indicator covers only a limited subset of image-text semantic relations, which is insufficient to represent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Zheng Li , Caili Guo , Zerun Feng , Jenq-Neng Hwang , Ying Jin , Yufeng Zhang

The growing amount of data available in modern-day datasets makes the need to efficiently search and retrieve information. To make large-scale search feasible, Distance Estimation and Subset Indexing are the main approaches. Although binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-09-22 Mahyar Najibi , Mohammad Rastegari , Larry S. Davis

Binary code similarity comparison is a methodology for identifying similar or identical code fragments in binary programs. It is indispensable in fields of software engineering and security, which has many important applications (e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Yikun Hu , Hui Wang , Yuanyuan Zhang , Bodong Li , Dawu Gu

Deep hashing has been widely applied to large-scale image retrieval tasks owing to efficient computation and low storage cost by encoding high-dimensional image data into binary codes. Since binary codes do not contain as much information…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Xuetong Xue , Jiaying Shi , Xinxue He , Shenghui Xu , Zhaoming Pan

Hashing that projects data into binary codes has shown extraordinary talents in cross-modal retrieval due to its low storage usage and high query speed. Despite their empirical success on some scenarios, existing cross-modal hashing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Yufeng Shi , Xinge You , Jiamiao Xu , Feng Zheng , Qinmu Peng , Weihua Ou

Cross-modal hashing is usually regarded as an effective technique for large-scale textual-visual cross retrieval, where data from different modalities are mapped into a shared Hamming space for matching. Most of the traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-09 Yuming Shen , Li Liu , Ling Shao , Jingkuan Song

Security experts reverse engineer (decompile) binary code to identify critical security vulnerabilities. The limited access to source code in vital systems - such as firmware, drivers, and proprietary software used in Critical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Dylan Manuel , Nafis Tanveer Islam , Joseph Khoury , Ana Nunez , Elias Bou-Harb , Peyman Najafirad

Learning to hash is an efficient paradigm for exact and approximate nearest neighbor search from massive databases. Binary hash codes are typically extracted from an image by rounding output features from a CNN, which is trained on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Heikki Arponen , Tom E. Bishop

Binary code analysis plays an essential role in cybersecurity, facilitating reverse engineering to reveal the inner workings of programs in the absence of source code. Traditional approaches, such as static and dynamic analysis, extract…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jiyong Uhm , Minseok Kim , Michalis Polychronakis , Hyungjoon Koo