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Entropy Regularisation is a widely adopted technique that enhances policy optimisation performance and stability. A notable form of entropy regularisation is augmenting the objective with an entropy term, thereby simultaneously optimising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Jean Seong Bjorn Choe , Jong-Kook Kim

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a popular model-free reinforcement learning algorithm, esteemed for its simplicity and efficacy. However, due to its inherent on-policy nature, its proficiency in harnessing data from disparate policies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yaozhong Gan , Renye Yan , Xiaoyang Tan , Zhe Wu , Junliang Xing

We study off-dynamics offline reinforcement learning, where the goal is to learn a policy from offline source and limited target datasets with mismatched dynamics. Existing methods either penalize the reward or discard source transitions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yihong Guo , Yu Yang , Pan Xu , Anqi Liu

Evolution Strategy (ES) is a powerful black-box optimization technique based on the idea of natural evolution. In each of its iterations, a key step entails ranking candidate solutions based on some fitness score. For an ES method in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Eshwar S R , Shishir Kolathaya , Gugan Thoppe

Identifying the most suitable variables to represent the state is a fundamental challenge in Reinforcement Learning (RL). These variables must efficiently capture the information necessary for making optimal decisions. In order to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Charles Westphal , Stephen Hailes , Mirco Musolesi

Real-world decision-making tasks are usually partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs), where the state is not fully observable. Recent progress has demonstrated that recurrent reinforcement learning (RL), which consists of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Fan-Ming Luo , Zuolin Tu , Zefang Huang , Yang Yu

The recent success of supervised learning methods on ever larger offline datasets has spurred interest in the reinforcement learning (RL) field to investigate whether the same paradigms can be translated to RL algorithms. This research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Mengjiao Yang , Ofir Nachum

Offline reinforcement learning methods typically enforce strict constraints to ensure safety; yet this rigidity often prevents the discovery of optimal behaviors outside the immediate support of the behavior policy. To address this, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yifei Chen , Shaoqin Zhu , Xiaoqiang Ji

Off-policy learning algorithms have been known to be sensitive to the choice of hyper-parameters. However, unlike near on-policy algorithms for which hyper-parameters could be optimized via e.g. meta-gradients, similar techniques could not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Yunhao Tang , Krzysztof Choromanski

In the framework of Markov Decision Processes, off-policy learning, that is the problem of learning a linear approximation of the value function of some fixed policy from one trajectory possibly generated by some other policy. We briefly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-16 Matthieu Geist , Bruno Scherrer

Deep reinforcement learning algorithms can perform poorly in real-world tasks due to the discrepancy between source and target environments. This discrepancy is commonly viewed as the disturbance in transition dynamics. Many existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Yufei Kuang , Miao Lu , Jie Wang , Qi Zhou , Bin Li , Houqiang Li

Deep networks have enabled reinforcement learning to scale to more complex and challenging domains, but these methods typically require large quantities of training data. An alternative is to use sample-efficient episodic control methods:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Marta Sarrico , Kai Arulkumaran , Andrea Agostinelli , Pierre Richemond , Anil Anthony Bharath

In deep reinforcement learning, policy optimization methods need to deal with issues such as function approximation and the reuse of off-policy data. Standard policy gradient methods do not handle off-policy data well, leading to premature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Qing Wang , Yingru Li , Jiechao Xiong , Tong Zhang

The most data-efficient algorithms for reinforcement learning in robotics are model-based policy search algorithms, which alternate between learning a dynamical model of the robot and optimizing a policy to maximize the expected return…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Rituraj Kaushik , Konstantinos Chatzilygeroudis , Jean-Baptiste Mouret

Off-policy evaluation and learning in contextual bandits use logged interaction data to estimate and optimize the value of a target policy. Most existing methods require sufficient action overlap between the logging and target policies, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-03 Shu Tamano

Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) is one of the state-of-the-art off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms that is within the maximum entropy based RL framework. SAC is demonstrated to perform very well in a list of continous control tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Zhenyang Shi , Surya P. N. Singh

In the field of reinforcement learning, because of the high cost and risk of policy training in the real world, policies are trained in a simulation environment and transferred to the corresponding real-world environment. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Takumi Tanabe , Rei Sato , Kazuto Fukuchi , Jun Sakuma , Youhei Akimoto

This article presents a constrained policy optimization approach for the optimal control of systems under nonstationary uncertainties. We introduce an assumption that we call Markov embeddability that allows us to cast the stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Sungho Shin , François Pacaud , Emil Contantinescu , Mihai Anitescu

Deploying reinforcement learning in the real world remains challenging due to sample inefficiency, sparse rewards, and noisy visual observations. Prior work leverages demonstrations and human feedback to improve learning efficiency and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Xiefeng Wu , Mingyu Hu , Shu Zhang

Reinforcement Learning has been able to solve many complicated robotics tasks without any need for feature engineering in an end-to-end fashion. However, learning the optimal policy directly from the sensory inputs, i.e the observations,…