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Test-time scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional computational resources during inference. However, this paradigm is inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Shengyin Sun , Yiming Li , Xing Li , Yingzhao Lian , Weizhe Lin , Hui-Ling Zhen , Zhiyuan Yang , Chen Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Mingxuan Yuan , Chen Ma

Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in multimodal understanding, yet they struggle when reasoning over information-intensive images that densely interleave textual annotations with fine-grained graphical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yuhan Liu , Lianhui Qin , Shengjie Wang

Speculative Decoding (SD) accelerates autoregressive large language model (LLM) inference by decoupling generation and verification. While recent methods improve draft quality by tightly coupling the drafter with the target model, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jingwei Song , Xinyu Wang , Hanbin Wang , Xiaoxuan Lei , Bill Shi , Shixin Han , Eric Yang , Xiao-Wen Chang , Lynn Ai

Recent advancements and widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in both industry and academia have catalyzed significant demand for LLM serving. However, traditional cloud services incur high costs, while on-device inference…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Yida Zhang , Zhiyong Gao , Shuaibing Yue , Jie Li , Rui Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have been a disruptive innovation in recent years, and they play a crucial role in our daily lives due to their ability to understand and generate human-like text. Their capabilities include natural language…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Akrit Mudvari , Yuang Jiang , Leandros Tassiulas

The growth in the number of parameters of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a significant surge in computational requirements, making them challenging and costly to deploy. Speculative decoding (SD) leverages smaller models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Matthieu Zimmer , Milan Gritta , Gerasimos Lampouras , Haitham Bou Ammar , Jun Wang

Speculative Decoding (SD) is a key technique for accelerating Large Language Model (LLM) inference, but it typically requires training a draft model on a large dataset. We approach this problem from a data-centric perspective, finding that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jiaming Fan , Daming Cao , Xiangzhong Luo , Jiale Fu , Chonghan Liu , Xu Yang

Speculative decoding (SPD) accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by letting a smaller draft model propose multiple future tokens that are verified in parallel by a larger target model. The dominant SPD paradigm treats the target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jinze Li , Yixing Xu , Guanchen Li , Jinfeng Xu , Shuo Yang , Yang Zhang , Xuanwu Yin , Dong Li , Edith C. H. Ngai , Emad Barsoum

Group relative policy optimization (GRPO) has demonstrated significant potential in improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning. However, its practical deployment is impeded by an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yizhou Zhang , Ning Lv , Teng Wang , Jisheng Dang

Speculative Decoding (SD) is a popular lossless technique for accelerating the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs). We show that the decoding speed of SD frameworks with static draft structures can be significantly improved by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Situo Zhang , Hankun Wang , Da Ma , Zichen Zhu , Lu Chen , Kunyao Lan , Kai Yu

Autoregressive Language Models instantiate a factorized likelihood over token sequences, yet their strictly sequential decoding process imposes an intrinsic lower bound on inference latency. This bottleneck has emerged as a central obstacle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Maxim Divilkovskiy , Vitaly Malygin , Sergey Zlobin , Stanislav Ilyushin , Sultan Isali , Vasily Kalugin , Nuriza Aitassova , Fei Yi , Weidi Zeng

Speculative decoding accelerates Large Language Model (LLM) inference by employing a small speculative model (SSM) to generate multiple candidate tokens and verify them using the LLM in parallel. This technique has been widely integrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Ruixiao Li , Fahao Chen , Peng Li

Speculative decoding has emerged as a powerful approach to accelerate large language model (LLM) inference by employing lightweight draft models to propose candidate tokens that are subsequently verified by the target model. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zongyue Qin , Raghavv Goel , Mukul Gagrani , Risheek Garrepalli , Mingu Lee , Yizhou Sun

Masked Diffusion Models (MDMs) offer a promising alternative to autoregressive language models by enabling parallel token generation and bidirectional context modeling. However, their inference speed is significantly limited by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Satyam Goyal , Kushal Patel , Tanush Mittal , Arjun Laxman

Speculative decoding (SD) has emerged as a method to accelerate LLM inference without sacrificing any accuracy over the 16-bit model inference. In a typical SD setup, the idea is to use a full-precision, small, fast model as "draft" to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Evangelos Georganas , Dhiraj Kalamkar , Alexander Kozlov , Alexander Heinecke

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model inference by proposing tokens with a lightweight draft model and selectively accepting them using a target model. This work introduces DropMatch, a novel approach that matches draft…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jeongtae Lee , Minjung Jo , Hyunjoon Jeong , Gunho Park , Sunghyeon Woo , Joonghoon Kim , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model inference by using smaller draft models to generate candidate tokens for parallel verification. However, current approaches are limited by sequential stage dependencies that prevent full…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Bradley McDanel , Sai Qian Zhang , Yunhai Hu , Zining Liu

Generative tasks, such as text generation and question answering, hold a crucial position in the realm of mobile applications. Due to their sensitivity to privacy concerns, there is a growing demand for their execution directly on mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Daliang Xu , Wangsong Yin , Xin Jin , Ying Zhang , Shiyun Wei , Mengwei Xu , Xuanzhe Liu

Speculative decoding emerges as a pivotal technique for enhancing the inference speed of Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite recent research aiming to improve prediction efficiency, multi-sample speculative decoding has been overlooked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yunsheng Ni , Chuanjian Liu , Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Yunhe Wang

Rollout dominates the training time in large language model (LLM) post-training, where the trained model is used to generate tokens given a batch of prompts. This work, SpecActor, achieves fast rollout with speculative decoding that deploys…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Rongxin Cheng , Kai Zhou , Xingda Wei , Siyuan Liu , Mingcong Han , Mingjing Ai , Yeju Zhou , Baoquan Zhong , Wencong Xiao , Rong Chen , Haibo Chen