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Proteins, as essential biomolecules, play a central role in biological processes, including metabolic reactions and DNA replication. Accurate prediction of their properties and functions is crucial in biological applications. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Wei Wu , Chao Wang , Liyi Chen , Mingze Yin , Yiheng Zhu , Kun Fu , Jieping Ye , Hui Xiong , Zheng Wang

Protein language models (PLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in learning relationships between protein sequences and functions. However, finetuning these large models requires substantial computational resources, often with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shuo Zhang , Jian K. Liu

Apparent parallels between natural language and biological sequence have led to a recent surge in the application of deep language models (LMs) to the analysis of antibody and other biological sequences. However, a lack of a rigorous…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-08-06 Mai Ha Vu , Philippe A. Robert , Rahmad Akbar , Bartlomiej Swiatczak , Geir Kjetil Sandve , Dag Trygve Truslew Haug , Victor Greiff

Large Language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for addressing challenges across diverse domains. Notably, recent studies have demonstrated that large language models significantly enhance the efficiency of biomolecular analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jiyue Jiang , Zikang Wang , Yuheng Shan , Heyan Chai , Jiayi Li , Zixian Ma , Xinrui Zhang , Yu Li

In recent decades, antibodies have emerged as indispensable therapeutics for combating diseases, particularly viral infections. However, their development has been hindered by limited structural information and labor-intensive engineering…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-09-01 Hongtai Jing , Zhengtao Gao , Sheng Xu , Tao Shen , Zhangzhi Peng , Shwai He , Tao You , Shuang Ye , Wei Lin , Siqi Sun

Recent advances in Protein Language Models (PLMs) have transformed protein engineering, yet unlike their counterparts in Natural Language Processing (NLP), current PLMs exhibit a fundamental limitation: they excel in either Protein Language…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Liuzhenghao Lv , Zongying Lin , Hao Li , Yuyang Liu , Jiaxi Cui , Calvin Yu-Chian Chen , Li Yuan , Yonghong Tian

Protein language models (PLMs) have shown promise in improving the understanding of protein sequences, contributing to advances in areas such as function prediction and protein engineering. However, training these models from scratch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Shivasankaran Vanaja Pandi , Bharath Ramsundar

Antibodies safeguard our health through their precise and potent binding to specific antigens, demonstrating promising therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of numerous diseases, including COVID-19. Recent advancements in biomedical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Mingze Yin , Hanjing Zhou , Jialu Wu , Yiheng Zhu , Yuxuan Zhan , Zitai Kong , Hongxia Xu , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Jintai Chen , Tingjun Hou , Jian Wu

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have been driven bypretrained language models like BERT, RoBERTa, T5, and GPT. Thesemodels excel at understanding complex texts, but biomedical literature, withits domain-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 K. Sahit Reddy , N. Ragavenderan , Vasanth K. , Ganesh N. Naik , Vishalakshi Prabhu , Nagaraja G. S

Protein language models have shown remarkable success in learning biological information from protein sequences. However, most existing models are limited by either autoencoding or autoregressive pre-training objectives, which makes them…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-10 Bo Chen , Xingyi Cheng , Pan Li , Yangli-ao Geng , Jing Gong , Shen Li , Zhilei Bei , Xu Tan , Boyan Wang , Xin Zeng , Chiming Liu , Aohan Zeng , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang , Le Song

Protein language models (pLMs) have recently gained significant attention for their ability to uncover relationships between sequence, structure, and function from evolutionary statistics, thereby accelerating therapeutic drug discovery.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Darshan Patil , Pranshu Malviya , Mathieu Reymond , Quentin Fournier , Sarath Chandar

Recent advancements in immune sequencing and experimental techniques are generating extensive T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire data, enabling the development of models to predict TCR binding specificity. Despite the computational challenges…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-24 Anna Weber , Aurélien Pélissier , María Rodríguez Martínez

Protein language models (pLMs) have demonstrated success at generating functional proteins across vast sequence spaces but lack the ability to design high-fitness variants on demand. Here, we iteratively guide pLMs toward user-defined…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-01 Filippo Stocco , Maria Artigues-Lleixa , Andrea Hunklinger , Talal Widatalla , Marc Guell , Noelia Ferruz

Protein language models (pLMs) pre-trained on vast protein sequence databases excel at various downstream tasks but often lack the structural knowledge essential for some biological applications. To address this, we introduce a method to…

Geometric deep learning has recently achieved great success in non-Euclidean domains, and learning on 3D structures of large biomolecules is emerging as a distinct research area. However, its efficacy is largely constrained due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Fang Wu , Lirong Wu , Dragomir Radev , Jinbo Xu , Stan Z. Li

Studying protein mutations within amino acid sequences holds tremendous significance in life sciences. Protein language models (PLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in broad biological applications. However, due to architectural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yizhen Luo , Zikun Nie , Massimo Hong , Suyuan Zhao , Hao Zhou , Zaiqing Nie

Protein Language Models (PLMs) have emerged as performant and scalable tools for predicting the functional impact and clinical significance of protein-coding variants, but they still lag experimental accuracy. Here, we present a novel…

While protein language models (PLMs) are one of the most promising avenues of research for future de novo protein design, the way in which they transform sequences to hidden representations, as well as the information encoded in such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kosio Beshkov , Anders Malthe-Sørenssen

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have outperformed other NLP models on a wide range of tasks. Opting for a more thorough understanding of their capabilities and inner workings, researchers have established the extend to which they capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Anne Lauscher , Federico Bianchi , Samuel Bowman , Dirk Hovy

Protein language models (pLMs) produce per-residue representations that capture evolutionary and structural information, yet their mean-pooled sequence embeddings are not explicitly trained to reflect functional, evolutionary or structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Dan Ofer , Oriel Perets , Michal Linial , Nadav Rappoport